KEW CHAPTERS IN THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE. 733 



Galileo and Kepler were silenced, to reply to tliem with tongue 

 and pen. Europe was flooded with these theological refutations 

 of the Copernican system. -, , xi «t i ^^ f 



To make all complete, there was prefixed to the index ot 

 the Church, forbidding " all writings which affirm the motion of 

 the earth," a bull signed by the reigning Pope, which, by virtue of 

 his infallibility as a divinely guided teacher m matters of faith 

 and morals, clinched this condemnation into the consciences of 

 the whole Christian world. 



From the mass of books which appeared under the auspices 

 of the Church immediately after the condemnation of Galileo, for 

 the purpose of rooting out every vestige of the hated Copernican 

 theory from the mind of the world, two may be taken as typical 

 The first of these was a work by Scipio Chiaramonti, dedicat^ed 

 to Cardinal BarberinL Among his arguments against the double 

 motion of the earth may be cited the following : 



"Animals, which move, have limbs and muscles; the earth 

 has no limbs or muscles, therefore it does not move. It is angels 

 who make Saturn, Jupiter, the sun, etc., turn round. If the_ earth 

 revolves, it must also have an angel in the center to set it m mo- 

 tion ; but only devils live there; it would therefore be a devil 

 who would impart motion to the earth. . . . 



"The planets, the sun, the fixed stars, all belong to one spe- 

 cies-namely, that of stars-they therefore all move or all stand 

 still It seems, therefore, to be a grievous wrong to place the 

 earth, which is a sink of impurity, among the heavenly bodies, 

 which are pure and divine things." 



The next, which I select from the mass of similar works, is 

 the AnUcopernicus Caiholicus of Polacco. It was intended to 

 deal a finishing stroke at Galileo's heresy. 



In this it is declared : " The Scripture always represents the 

 earth as at rest, and the sun and moon as in motion ; or, if these 

 latter bodies are ever represented as at rest. Scripture represents 

 this as the result of a great miracle." . . . 



" These writings must be prohibited, because they teach cer- 

 tain principles about the position and motion of the terrestrial 

 globe repugnant to Holy Scripture and to the Catholic interpre- 

 tation of it, not as hypotheses but as established facts. . . . 



" It is possible to work with the hypotheses of Copernicus so 

 as to explain many phenomena. . . . Yet it is not permitted to 

 argue on his premises except to show their falsity." 



Speaking of Galileo's book, Polacco says that it " smacked of 

 Copernicanism," and that, " when this was shown to the Inquisi- 

 tion, Galileo was thrown into prison and was compelled to utterly 

 abjure the baseness of this erroneous dogma." 



As to the authority of the cardinals in their decree, Polacco 



