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THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



which were farthest from the heat, were only partially burned, 

 and consequently too soft for external use. The other bricks in 

 the kiln which were uniformly surrounded by heat came out red. 

 To utilize all the bricks produced, the black ends of the former 

 were laid outward in the wall, thus combining utility with orna- 

 mentation. Many of the older houses were constructed in this 

 manner. An old building on the Brandywine, near West Chester, 

 erected in 1724, was built of bricks made on the property from 

 clay found in the vicinity. The structure was considered an 

 imposing one in its day, and the walls are still standing, in an 

 excellent state of preservation. The annexed drawing will con- 

 vey a good idea of the manner of laying the bricks in a wall 

 where the red and black varieties were used, known as the Flem- 



FiG. 1. — Flemish Bond. 



ish bond, in which the binders and stretchers alternated, each 

 layer breaking joints with that above and below. 



Roofing tiles were also manufactured in this country more 

 than a hundred years ago. Plain tiles were made of ordinary 

 brick clay, about five eighths of an inch in thickness and six 

 and a half to seven inches wide by thirteen to fourteen in length. 

 They were fastened to the rafters of the roof by means of a clay 

 knob or hook at the upper margin of the under side. The sur- 

 faces were broadly and shallowly grooved to carry the water off. 

 Such tiles are still found in the debris of an old smithy which 

 was built in 1799 at Cope's Bridge on the Brandywine. Other 

 examples, made in Lancaster County, Pa., one of which bears the 

 date 1769, have recently come to light. 



A stone-ware factory was started in New York, at " Potter's 

 Hill," near the " Fresh- water Pond," back of the City Hall, in or 

 about 1735, by John Remmey, who came from Germany. The 

 business passed through three generations, all of the same name, 



