232 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



invasions of the French, Spanish, and German armies, " had brought 

 want to their boards, infamy to their beds, fire to their roofs, and the 

 knife to their throats." But there was never a people that practiced 

 the ethics of war against their enemies that did not practice the same 

 code against themselves. The members of the tipper classes prey 

 upon the members of the lower, and the members of each class prey 

 upon one another. Everywhere there are deceit, baseness, cruelty, 

 and every crime of violence. " I^o language," says Draper, speaking 

 of the condition of Rome, " can describe the state of that capital 

 after the civil wars. . . . The social fabric was a festering mass of 

 rottenness. The people had become a populace; the aristocracy was 

 demoniac; the city was hell. !No crime that the annals of human 

 wickedness can show was left unperpetrated — remorseless murders; 

 the betrayal of parents, husbands, wives, friends; poisoning reduced 

 to a system; adultery degenerating into incest, and crimes that can 

 not be written." But a like demoralization was the fruit of the 

 civil war in England and the long wars in France, Germany, and 

 Italy. It is not, therefore, at the door of Adam but at the door of 

 Mars that the sins of the world are to be placed; they are not due 

 to the fall in Eden but to the plunder and murder on the field of 

 battle. 



II. 



Thus far I have indicated how war leads directly, inevitably, 

 and invariably to despotism in government, ignorance and intolerance 

 in political and religious thought, and crime and degradation in 

 social life. Let me turn to the fruits of peace, which include all that 

 constitutes civilization. The connection between the two is likewise 

 direct, inevitable, and invariable. Wherever peace stays the hand 

 of destruction and resumes the work of creation, forces are put in 

 operation that transform the thoughts and feelings as completely 

 as they transform the pursuits, manners, and institutions of men. 

 Released from the burdens and insecurity of war, society, like a body 

 delivered from the fever and waste of disease, revives and grows 

 strong. Industries flourish. Pressing against the cords with which 

 the state and church have bound them, they pant and struggle for 

 freedom. The mind responds also to the new life. Becoming en- 

 larged with the enlargement of its activities, it refuses to submit to 

 the bondage in which political and ecclesiastical despotism has placed 

 it. It insists upon exploring every nook and corner of the universe 

 and bringing to light every discovery. It rejects traditions and 

 superstitions, and proceeds to construct the splendid edifice known as 

 modern science. At the same time, it manifests its joy in creations 

 of the imagination — poetry, music, painting, sculpture, architecture. 

 These pursuits of peace introduce new relations among men. Indus- 



