296 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



settlement, as in Algeria and Madagascar, througliout tlie soutli seas 

 and the far East. Sometimes, it must be sadly confessed, they make 

 settlement practicable by emasculating the natives, as the Jesuits the 

 Hurons and English missionaries the Maoris. But none of these 

 classes are by themselves colonizers. They do not permanently 

 settle, and the missionaries are as jealous as the fur traders of the ad- 

 vance of European occupation. Many of them, in North America 

 and ]^ew Zealand, have advocated and encouraged the most fatal of 

 all measures to a true colony — the formation of a race of haK-breeds. 



Hunting passes into pastoral pursuits by the domestication of the 

 animals captured, as slavery arises out of war. The Greek colony 

 of Cyrene and its oii'shoots, Barka and Hesperides, were stock 

 colonies; but the first settlers being exclusively men, they inter- 

 married with the natives, and the true colonization dates from a 

 later settlement of both sexes. The drovers of reindeer and the pas- 

 toralists of the Alps are in like manner male groups. Cattle-breed- 

 ing northern Australia is still in the polyandrous condition of having 

 ten men to one woman, and that was probably near the ratio of the 

 sexes in the early days of the country. It is apparently the same on 

 the estancias of Brazil, and Darwin states that " these Spanish 

 colonies do not carry within themselves the elements of growth." 

 Yet they lay the foundations for normal societies. What Bancroft 

 says of the herdsmen of Carolina is true of all countries: they are 

 " the pioneers of colonization in the wilderness." Sheep colonies, 

 like ISTew South Wales, are a stage nearer complete self-propagating 

 societies than cattle colonies like Queensland. Shepherds and shear- 

 ers are long semi-nomadic, and the squatter is sometimes the only 

 family man; but villages grow up at the confluence of grazing runs 

 to supply necessaries, shoe horses, build and repair, bait and accom- 

 modate. The " station " and its lord may be the true social nucleus, 

 but expansion arises from the village with its families and rudi- 

 mentary industrial organization. 



The most advanced and most potent of all the pioneer types of 

 colony alone remains to be mentioned. The mining colony is not a 

 modern invention. Phoenician Cadiz and Grseco-Italian Cumre 

 were, the one commercial and the other agricultural as well. But 

 Athenian Amphipolis, with its auriferous and argentiferous moun- 

 tains, must have been settled for its mines, and barren Thasos, like 

 the adjacent Thracian mainland, must have been colonized by the 

 Phoenicians, as afterward by the Greeks, for its gold mines alone. 

 Gold discoveries on a great scale are nevertheless modern and charac- 

 terize two of the three great epochs of colonization. The South 

 American exodus of the sixteenth century and the Australian and 

 African rushes of the nineteenth have this feature in common that 



