302 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



transplanted from tlie Libyan Desert to Sjene in order to guard the 

 frontier, and tlie next lowest tlie strange colony of Saracens whom 

 the freethinking Frederick II planted in Apulia. Much higher 

 were the colonies of vanquished Goths and Ostrogoths, Franks, Gepi- 

 da3, and Vandals whom the Roman emperors settled on the frontiers 

 - — in Spain and Britain, Africa and Illyria and Asia Minor, Greece 

 and Palestine. Whether as legionaries or veterans, these soldiers 

 seem to have been accompanied by their families, and where they did 

 not drive away the indigenes (as they did at Camolodunum, in 

 Britain) they were granted lands and supplied with the instruments 

 of tillage. Some of these military settlements, like two of the ISTu- 

 midian colonies, became centers of Roman civilization; others, like 

 Chester, Gloucester, and Colchester, grew into prosperous towns; 

 still others — and these perhaps the majority — like the colony of vet- 

 erans planted by Hadrian on the desolate site of Jerusalem, did not 

 thrive. Higher yet than these were the towns settled with Greek 

 soldiers by Alexander and the Alexandrids. Of the Macedonian, 

 Thessalian, and Thracian, Thessalonica was alone important; some 

 of those in Asia Minor were in later times flourishing. Military 

 colonies are not unknown in mediseval and modern Europe. The 

 Frank kingdoms of Jerusalem and Cyprus, the principalities into 

 which the Eastern Empire was partitioned, and Constantinople itself, 

 where in the beginning of the thirteenth century there was a Frank 

 colony of fifteen thousand souls, were all military colonies, though 

 of brief existence. Under the Swabian emperors, small colonies of 

 noble and peasant Germans were established in Davos and other 

 Alpine districts in German interests. Spain conquered South Amer- 

 ica by planting a series of military colonies. France, always more 

 conquering than colonizing, is but slowly converting Algeria from 

 a military into an industrial colony. Even colonizing England has 

 planted military colonies in Ireland, Nova Scotia, and Ohio, besides 

 having temporary camps on her frontiers where towns grow up, as at 

 Raglan and Otahuhu, in New Zealand; and the pensioner settle- 

 ment of Onehunga may be taken as an image of an ancient Roman 

 colony of veterans. 



3. "We seem to rise considerably in the scale as we leave behind 

 us colonics founded on the lust of conquest, and arrive at colonies 

 whose formation was governed by 'political motives. They are 

 always more or less collective; they sometimes take place en masse; 

 they are often directed and organized; and they are homogeneous. 

 Involuntary migrations are among the earliest of them, as when the 

 Achaians and Qinotrians, driven out of the Peloponnesus and Italy 

 by the Dorians and wild tribes from the Apennines, emigrated to 

 Sicily. The best known, and more voluntary, are those of the 



