THE EVOLUTION OF COLONIES. 303 



Ionian cities of Asia Minor, after their subjugation by tlie Lydians 

 and Persians. A collective Pan-Ionian emigration to Sardinia was 

 proposed, but a series of sovereign states was too disunited for such 

 heroic action, and it took place piecemeal. The whole of the Pho- 

 caeans, taking with them their wives and children, their furniture, 

 and the decorations of the temples, sailed for Sardinia, but more than 

 half of them lost heart and returned to the subject city which they 

 had sworn never to behold again. The inhabitants of Teos emi- 

 grated to Thrace and founded Abdera, to the Bosporus and settled 

 Phanagoria. Many of the Samians fled to the promised land of 

 Cyrene and some to Sicily. Other cities were almost depopulated. 

 After the captivity, and still more after the conquest of Jerusalem, 

 Jewish colonies were similarly dispersed over the greater part of the 

 Greek and Roman world. The Albanians of Scanderbeg, who so 

 bravely resisted the Ottomans, took refuge in Apulia. The Salzburg- 

 ers described in Hermann und Dorothea, and the noble emigres of the 

 Revolution, with their headquarters at Coblenz, are recent examples 

 of the collective migration of political colonies. Many Greek col- 

 onies were the offspring of internal dissensions in the parent state: 

 Thersean Cyrene is doubtfully said to be one; Syracusan Ilimera 

 is another. Roman colonies of the same origin were often organized 

 by popular leaders as a safety valve, like those of Carthage and ISTar- 

 bonne by Caius Gracchus. The loyalists, who to the number of 

 forty thousand emigrated to Canada and there settled Ontario after 

 the Declaration of Independence, are a striking example of purely 

 political colonization. But it is rebellion oftener than loyalty that 

 founds colonies. The discontented ISTew-Zealanders w^ho, some 

 fifty years ago, projected an independent republic somewhere in 

 Oceania, anticipated (in imagination only) the Queensland journal- 

 ist who, to escape from the tyranny of British ideas, emigrated a few 

 years ago with a band of sympathizers to the wilds of Paraguay, 

 there to found, amid impossible surroundings, the Utopia that is now 

 struggling for existence. 



4. It may seem a more refinement to distinguish imperial from 

 political colonies. Yet there comes a time in the history of great 

 nations when a spirit of proselytism takes possession of them, and 

 they are irresistibly moved to stamp their institutions and ideas on 

 only half-reluctant peoples. The Athenian colonies planted by 

 Cimon and Pericles, when the queenly city was at the height of her 

 power, were to some extent of this description. More truly propa- 

 gandist were the five hundred urban communities, with the imperial 

 cities of Alexandria, Antioch, and Thessalonica at their head, 

 founded by conquering Alexander and his victorious generals. 

 ISTothing less than the Ilellenization of the known world was their 



