SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE. 417 



The growth of this view is traced in its various aspects, the results deduci- 

 ble from them are set forth, and we are brought to the present state of the 

 discussion, in the chapter on Mind in Man and Brute and those which 

 follow it. " Modern scientific research has not only discovered a multitude 

 of physical correspondences — analogical and homological — between man 

 and brute, but it has also detected and brought to light many irrefragable 

 proofs of their psychical kinship. The more exact and extended our knowl- 

 edge of animal intelligence becoines, the more remarkable does its resem- 

 blance to human intelligence appear." The capacity of animals to adapt 

 themselves to new conditions is discussed, and incidents are adduced in 

 which it has been shown, in a chapter on Progress and Perfectibility in 

 them ; their power to form concepts, plan, and pursue a systematic course 

 are considered under the head of Ideation in Animals and Man, and cases 

 of the organization of communities, trial by courts, the use of tools, etc., by 

 them are cited. The existence of such a barrier as the possession of the 

 power of speech by man and the destitution of it by animals is questioned. 

 Finally, evidences are adduced of the presence of an aesthetic sense and the 

 foreshadowing of a religious sentiment in animals. "It is through the 

 portal of spiritual kinship, created by modern evolutional science, that 

 beasts and birds, 'our elder brothers,' as Herder calls them, enter into the 

 temple of justice and enjoy the privilege of sanctuary against the wanton 

 or unwitting ci^uelty hitherto authorized by the assumptions and usurpa- 

 tions of man." 



In Aristocracy and Evolution * Mr. W. H. Mallock first inquires what 

 determines the production and ascendency of superior men, what their 

 ofKce in the world is, and what they eflfect; and then applies his conclu- 

 sions to current social questions, particularly to that of the distribution of 

 wealth. By aristocracy he means in this book no artificial or conven- 

 tional class, but "the exceptionally gifted and efficient minority, no matter 

 what the position in which its members may have been born, or what the 

 sphere of social progress in which their exceptional efficiency shows itself." 

 He prefers the word to oligarchy^ "because it means not only the rule of 

 the few, but of the best or most efficient of the few." He regards it as a 

 fundamental error in modern sociological study that it attributes all prog- 

 ress to "nian^ while, according to his own doctrine here set forth and 

 expounded, progress is the work of only a few men who have led the 

 others; that it regards great men as pi'oducts or at most incidents of human 

 and social evolution, while he would regard them as pioneers and chief 

 factors of it. No hard-and-fast definition is predicated for greatness, but it 

 is regarded as various in kind and degree. " Great men are not necessarily 

 heroes, as Carlyle thought, nor divided absolutely from all other men," but 

 there is a certain minority of men who resemble each other in being more 

 efficient than the majority, as we may see in literature and art, in the 

 scholarship of boys at the same school, and similarly in practical life. A 

 man may be ordinary in one respect and great in another, but the majority 

 are not great in any. The great-man theory asserts that if some men were 

 not more efficient than most men no progress would take place at all. 

 Such men promote progress not so much by what they do themselves as 



* Aristocracy and Evolution : A Study of the Rights, the Origin, and the Social Functions of the 

 Wealthier Classes. By W. H. Mallock. New York : The Macmillan Company, pp. 385. Price, $5. 

 VOL. Lili. — 29 



