THE EVOLUTION OF COLONIES. 453 



stretch out their hands toward Xew Guinea and the South Sea 

 islands, while they flood distant newly discovered gold fields with 

 immigrants. 



It is the masculine races that emigrate. The earliest of the great 

 colonizing peoples, the Phoenicians and Carthaginians, in addition to 

 the " strenuous ferocity " that marked the Semites, possessed an 

 " individual impulse and energy " which (in Grote's opinion) put 

 them greatly above the Egyptians, Assyrians, and Hindus. The 

 Greeks were flexible and many-sided, and, being fractured into a 

 hundred independent communities, had a self-organizing faculty 

 which promoted emigration in many directions and diversified col- 

 onization. The manliest of ancient races, the Romans, overflowed 

 equally in colonization and conquest. The now emasculated Span- 

 iards and Portuguese were, in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, 

 the most robust of European nations. In the sixteenth and seven- 

 teenth centuries the French were aggressive and conquering. The 

 long struggle with Spain made Holland a nation of heroes. The 

 English, Germans, and Scandinavians are Bismarck's masculine peo- 

 ples. The Celtic Irish, the Italians, and other feminine nationalities 

 have emigrated in profusion since emigration has been made easy. 



The emigrating impulse is by no means diffused equally over the 

 emigrating races; there are emigrating sections of these races. The 

 migrating Aryans, whether starting from " somewhere in Asia " (as 

 Max ]Mliller still maintains) or from southern Russia (as Schrader 

 contends), spread into every European country, and forming a fringe 

 along the coast, where they remained as sea rovers, or crowding to its 

 centers, where they became its rulers and its aristocracy, were the 

 progenitors of the migrating bands which left these countries in 

 after years or are leaving them now. " The cells in which the origi- 

 nal germ plasm most predominates become the reproductive cells." 

 Thus the early colonies of Spain and Portugal were settled by Bis- 

 cayan and Guipuzcoan mariners and by the flower of chivalry at 

 the seats of military enterprise at Cadiz and Seville. Breton and 

 Norman seamen and merchants of Saint-Malo planted the first 

 Erench colonies. Devonshire gentlemen and sailors led and manned 

 the buccaneering and exploring expeditions that were the parents of 

 the American colonies; Devonshire and the adjacent counties con- 

 tributed one sixth to the Puritan exodus and, only half a century 

 ago, founded a colony in the South Seas. Two thirds of that exodus 

 were made up of the descendants of Xorse sea rovers on the Lincoln- 

 shire seaboard. It points likewise in the direction of a continuous 

 migrating element in stationary masses that emigrants are drawn 

 unequally from the different races of the mother country. Thus 

 the masterful Scottish nationality, once so vagabond, has left a 



