454 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



" broad and permanent impress " on the middle belt of the United 

 States; has more than its share of population and power in Canada, 

 where it pioneered the [N'orthwest; in Australia, where the Queens- 

 land sugar planters and most of the large landholders are said to be 

 Scots; and in South Africa. 



II. The masculine races colonize and emigrate at a 'point of 

 time after the attainment of national manhood. National puberty 

 manifests itself in the feverish excitement of provincial rivalries and 

 civil wars. National manhood shows itself in a nation's becoming 

 master in its own house. Spain expelled the alien, unassimilable 

 races of Jews and Moors. The French monarchy subjugated the 

 provinces. The English brought the civil wars to an end. The 

 Dutch threw off the Spanish yoke. Germany annexed the German 

 portion of Denmark, extruded the heterogeneous Austrian domina- 

 tion, and, emerging victor from the struggle with France, unified the 

 empire. Aggressive action ensues, as when a new professional man 

 measures himself with rivals; if a nation can invent a new weapon, 

 as a young business man a new process, the chances of success are 

 multiplied. The Phocseans, the boldest of Greek mariners, con- 

 ducted their trading voyages in armed penteconters, and, gaining a 

 naval victory over the Carthaginians, established the colony of Mas- 

 salia in what might almost be termed Carthaginian waters. The 

 Corinthians invented the trireme and colonized. Their own colonists, 

 the Corcyreans, were soon able to cope with the mother city on the 

 sea, and then they colonized. The Greeks supplanted the Cartha- 

 ginians. The Romans swept both from the sea, and recolonized the 

 colonies they had abandoned. The Dutch, Spaniards, and French 

 have lost many colonies to victorious rivals. 



The surplus energy of a young nation will overflow in conquest 

 or colonization, according to the time. It was after the struggle 

 with the Moors, when Spanish chivalry was set free for new ex- 

 ploits, that Spanish ardor poured itself upon distant colonies. Sur- 

 plus soldiers in England under the pacific James I, in Scotland after 

 the i^lundering Borderers found their occupation gone with the 

 Union, and in the same country after 1745, became colonists. 



Colonization is precipitated by the maritime character of a 

 country. Phcenicia, Greece, and England are notable examples. 

 Colbert estimated that in 1669 the Dutch possessed a com- 

 mercial fleet of fifteen or sixteen thousand sail, while populous 

 France had five or six hundred ships at the most. The English and 

 T)utch had a larger naval experience and markets over sea which they 

 liad frequented for a century. The Germans have few ports, and 

 till lately have had neither merchant ships nor navy; Germans have 

 accordingly emigrated in English vessels, and there are still few 



