THE EVOLUTION OF COLONIES. 459 



VIII. The dominant religion of emigrants is that of young and 

 aggressive sects. Heretical Paulicians and Waldenses, independent 

 Puritans, self-illuminated Quakers, spiritually minded Moravians, 

 rebel Huguenots and Covenanters, disrupting Free-Church Presby- 

 terians, and High Churchmen advancing to the conquest of the 

 Church of England, have been the successful colonizers. The story 

 of individual emigration has the same purport. Two thirds of the 

 population of Carolina were Dissenters. The Methodists and Pres- 

 byterians, and these probably the last hived-off sects of the one and 

 the schismatic denominations of the other, have each emigrated to 

 Canada more numerously than the Anglicans. Australia is pre- 

 dominantly Anglican and (thanks to recklessly administered state 

 aid) largely Catholic, but the Presbyterians and Methodists, Con- 

 gregationalists and Baptists have all emigrated in higher proportions 

 than exist in England. Of the United States it is needless to write. 

 Within the last fifty years there has indeed been a copious immigra- 

 tion of the oldest of churches, but that from Ireland has been motived 

 by political rebellion and that from Italy by social discontent; while 

 there is probably not a European sect, community, or craze that has 

 not sought a home in the wide, free spaces of the West. 



IX. " Hunger is a dominant characteristic of living matter," 

 and the lifelong hunger of the individual protoplasm is repeated in 

 the social protoplasm. Birds and quadrupeds migrate for food, sun- 

 shine, and warmth. In a troop of horses or wild cattle a young 

 stallion or bull gathers together a few heifers or young mares, pos- 

 sibly fights a battle with the old chief, then leaves the herd and seeks 

 new pastures. The same thing is said of apes, and might probably be 

 said of all polygamous animals. Monogamous groups drift apart by 

 the mere law of growth. Finally, animals may be driven from their 

 habitats by persecution or violence. All motives of human migra- 

 tions and emigrations are reducible to these five — hunger, cold, lust 

 of dominion, love of freedom, and public or private oppression. 



1. Persons of all degrees of competence, from the capitalist who 

 disembarks at Hobart with £25,000 to the quarryman who lands 

 at Brisbane with fivepence, are continually seeking to better them- 

 selves. The craving is seen in its crudest form in the gold hunger. 

 " I have come not to till the soil," said Cortez in Mexico, where he 

 was offered a tract of land, " but to find gold." It is more reputable, 

 but is not a whit more honorable, in high financial circles : the Grotes 

 and Goschens, Barings and Eothschilds, who migrate from Holland 

 and Germany to England, are governed by precisely the same motive 

 as the gold digger. The earth hunger ought to be a shade less repel- 

 lent, and yet the land sharks who infest young colonies are at once 

 less honest and more avaricious. Higher wages and more continuous 



