THE EVOLUTION OF COLONIES. 461 



of modern colonies, from Columbus to Cargill. Even " celestial 

 minds " are sometimes governed bj the primary passion of the male 

 animal in its most spiritual form. Pythagoras, unable to gain bearers 

 or found a school in Samos, emigrated to Croton, where he estab- 

 lished the Jesuit order of the ancient world. Xenophanes emi- 

 grated from Colophon and finally settled at Elea, which thence gave 

 its name to the loftiest of Greek philosophic sects. The motive is 

 operative everywhere and everywhen. It impelled Aquinas and 

 Scotus from Italy and England to France; urged Niebuhr, Bern- 

 storff, and Moltke from Denmark to Prussia; attracted Rossi, 

 Scherer, and Cherbuliez from Geneva to Paris; and led Boyesen to 

 New York. The fact that an immigrant to the United States may 

 rise to any position save that of President is known to be in the 

 minds of young Germans who seek a freer country than their own. 

 The consciousness or the conceit of ability makes many a youth rest- 

 less in the narrow environment of a Scottish or English country 

 town, and, learning that push and volubility, as well as genuine 

 talent, may carry a man to high political office in a British colony, 

 he emigrates to become (what some have been styled) a " colonial 

 Gambetta." 



4. Freedom is as alluring as power. The artisan who is con- 

 stantly being involved in strikes of which he disapproves emigrates 

 to a country where trades-unionism is in its infancy. The independ- 

 ence of the colonial workman excites the envy of his English rivals. 

 Staid elderly men look back with regret on the free life of the gold 

 fields. Protestant Irish farmers, of Scottish extraction, emigrated 

 last century to become freeholders in the United States. French- 

 men who have returned to France go back to ISTew Zealand, unable 

 to bear the constraint of overcivilization. The same passion for 

 freedom in higher things carried Puritan and Moravian, Puseyite 

 and Free-Churchman oversea for liberty to worship God in their 

 own way. Enthusiasm for political liberty took Forster, Paine, and 

 a crowd of dupes to France after 1789. The same feeling sometimes 

 makes men retire from the world. Ulysses hoped to " touch the 

 Happy Isles." Hamilcar Barca longed to escape from the turmoil 

 of Carthage and sail for the fabled islands of Atlantis. Shelley, 

 Tennyson, Mrs. Browning, and many plainer folk have cherished 

 the same lotus-eater's dream. The disillusioned ex-governor who 

 returns to spend the evening of his days in a Pacific paradise within 

 the waters of the colony he once ruled is a type of the few who 

 realize it. Do they always find the peace they seek? 



5. Public and private oppression has made many migrate or 

 emigrate. The lonians and Syracusans who were driven westward 

 by subjugation or sedition had no choice. The conquest of their 



