462 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



country before and after tlie fall of Byzantium in 1453 scattered 

 educated Greeks over Italy and so cross-fertilized modern Europe. 

 " The vices of European governments colonized ISTortli America." 

 The revolutions of 1848 sent Follen to the United States and Foscolo 

 to England. The coup d'etat of 1851 had similar effects. " The 

 great silence of the empire," as Zola calls it, which made it hard 

 for liberals to earn a living, diverted Jules Simon into publicism 

 and politics, and drove another eclectic, his friend Amedee Jacques, 

 to seek death in South America. The conscious oppressiveness of an 

 aristocratic system of government made Goldwin Smith a Canadian. 

 Private persecution, which pursued Byron to Venice, chased the 

 younger Arago to South America. Disappointment sent an unap- 

 preciated poet, Charles Wells, to lifelong exile in France, took 

 George Brandes to Berlin, and has taken many to the colonies. De- 

 feated men used to retire to the cloister. They now migrate or 

 emigrate. 



X. The earliest mode of emigration — that of roving adventurers 

 on the seas — might be assimilated to the spawning of fish or the effu- 

 sion of the male element generally. It is exclusively masculine, and 

 retains this quality to the last in the person of every emigrant who 

 embarks for a new country at his own expense, there to make a 

 living in ways of his own. It soon takes on a partially assisted char- 

 acter in the equipping of the ship by home merchants. These de- 

 velop into commercial or colonizing companies, which acquire (or 

 seize) colonial lands from the natives, and then send out emigrants 

 who buy land from the company, together with artisans and laborers 

 whose passages are paid for them. Such emigration might be de- 

 scribed as mixed masculine and feminine, and this form long con- 

 tinues. There is a third stage where (as in England after 1830) 

 philanthropic associations dispatch pauper or partially assisted emi- 

 grants. The third is supplemented or superseded by a fourth stage, 

 when a colony sends for immigrants, wholly or partly defrays their 

 passage, and provides for them on their arrival. This least independ- 

 ent method of emigration, as the antithesis of the earliest masculine 

 mode, may be considered exclusively feminine. 



Emigration, like the migrations of animals, is collective. Though 

 the vast Aryan migrations, so ingeniously charted by Pictet, may 

 prove mythical as well as legendary, authenticated mass movements 

 occur all through history. The earliest emigrations were of small 

 accidental aggregations without adhesion. The next were great or- 

 ganized bodies. The emigration in our own days, of individuals and 

 families who go out to kindred or friends, is really group movement 

 of a highly organized character. 



Like the lower migrations, emigration is rhythmical. The 



