THE EVOLUTION OF COLONIES. 465 



to Cadiz, and Greeks to Libya and Sicily, by stress of weather. 

 Columbus struck Hispaniola on his imagined way to India. Hudson 

 embarked on a Saul's voyage in search of a northwest passage and 

 found JSTew York. Fishermen were blown south to the Canaries and 

 west to Newfoundland. The settling of Plymouth was an accident 

 of the weather, and of Virginia and Botany Bay an accident of 

 discovery. 



Yet accident plays its Darwinian game within narrow limits. 

 Deep affinities and irresistible magnetisms mark out the paths of 

 emigration. 1. Colonization follows discovery at unequal intervals. 

 It followed that of South America instantaneously; more or less suc- 

 cessful attempts at it in l^orth America were at no great distance. 

 The Cape of Good Hope was colonized by its discoverers, the Por- 

 tuguese. Dampier discovered Australia in 1688, but it had to be 

 rediscovered and explored by Cook eighty years afterward before 

 it was settled in 1788. The colonization of New Zealand took place 

 half a century after its discovery. 2. Distance is the primary factor 

 in determining the order of colonization. That South America was 

 settled before Xew England was partly an accident of discovery, but, 

 once it began, the stream of emigration flowed and still flows in far 

 greater volume to the nearer colonies. Out-of-the-way South Africa 

 has not until lately allured emigrants, and the remoteness of Aus- 

 tralia and Xew Zealand has all along deterred them. 3. Attractions 

 and repulsions, the grosser they are, govern the quantity of emigra- 

 tion and, as they rise in the scale, determine its quality. (1) The 

 precious metals have been the loadstone of more immigrants than all 

 other causes put together, and the attraction is indej^endent of cli- 

 mate, distance, or accessibility. (2) The virgin soil of one colony, 

 which yields eighty bushels of wheat to the acre, is a potent induce- 

 ment to the solid agricultural class, while the infertile land and 

 almost rainless skies of another have barred settlement. (3) The 

 aspect and climate of Delaware were painted to the Scandinavian 

 imagination as a " terrestrial Canaan," and this is still a stock-topic 

 with emigration lecturers. (4) The savagery of the indigenes long 

 checked emigration to North America and South Africa, and dis- 

 persed one New Zealand colony. (5) Leaders like Cortez and 

 Rhodes draw crowds, and Puritan congregations followed their min- 

 isters across the Atlantic. (6) Cruel laws made Virginia unpopular 

 in the eighteenth century, feudal exactions drove immigrants from 

 New York, and the " peculiar institution " has at all times repelled 

 them from the Southern States. (7) Personal, political, and re- 

 ligious liberties invite the best and the worst — Roger Williams and 

 Hayraddin Maugrabin. (8) The prosperity of a colony and (9) the 

 greatness of a country, like that achieved by the L'nited States in 



VOL. LIII. — 33 



