626 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



weaker and the colonists are better able to cope with them. In a 

 peaceful state they resemble the Epizoa and may even, like that class 

 of animal parasites, render accidental services by teaching the colo- 

 nists certain kinds of cultivation, as the Indians taught the New- 

 Englanders to grow maize and the Maoris taught the ISTew-Zealand- 

 ers to grow sweet potatoes. 



Some of these colonial parasites, having received a start, become 

 self-supporting by tilling the lands that have been graciously left 

 them. These become almost alien elements in the young society, 

 slightly connected with it through government superintendence or 

 missionary labor, as the Maoris or Blackfellows, or altogether un- 

 connected with it, as the Arabs and Kabyles of Algeria. Their no- 

 madic and more dependent kinsmen are true commensals in that they 

 live, as in Australia, on the offal of animals newly killed by settlers, 

 some milk given them, and the use of their dogs for hunting; or, as 

 in South America, they receive from the Government used-up horses 

 for food. They render services in return. The South American 

 rastreador, the black police of Queensland, and the hundreds of 

 black trackers who have followed criminals into the bush with ex- 

 traordinary skill and no little courage, are the human parallels of 

 many species of birds. 



We rise to mutualism when the lower races are employed as 

 troops, and this has its degrees. They are used as combatants in their 

 own ways, like the red Indians during the wars between the French 

 and English in ISTorth America in the last century, the tame South 

 American Indians in the war against the wild Indians in 1832, and 

 the Hottentots in South Africa in 1859. There is more organization 

 in the Houssas and other African troops now enlisted on the Gold 

 Coast. The Bengal Lancers and the once dangerous Sikh infantry 

 are the pride of British India; and the ferocious Apaches have 

 lately been trained into obedient and disciplined soldiers. All col- 

 ored peoples are employed as carriers, and many as guides, boatmen, 

 divers, and what not. The reciprocity or the rivalry of play is per- 

 haps higher than that of work or fighting. The Australian blacks 

 have defeated a white team at cricket, and the Maori footballer ranks 

 high in a footballing colony. 



11. The immediate effect of the contact with white immigrants 

 is invariably disastrous and in certain cases fatal to the indigenes. 

 The law has been correctly stated by Mr. Benjamin Kidd. Wherever 

 the climate is so temperate that white men can not only reside and 

 work but also multiply, the native race in occupation must inevitably 

 disappear. An addendum is, however, needed. The limit of such 

 residence is no hard-and-fast line, but a vanishing point, which is 

 being driven ever nearer the equator and nearer the poles. French 



