THE PHILOSOPHY OF MANUAL TRAINING. 655 



are in college or higher schools, QQ are in manufacturing establish- 

 ments, 48 are engineers, 52 are superintendents and managers, 33 are 

 lawyers, teachers, or architects, 133 are in trade, and the rest at mis- 

 cellaneous work, unknown, or dead. 



The catalogue of the Philadelphia Central School contains the 

 following paragraph: 



"An examination of the records of the six hundred and fifty 

 graduates reveals the fact that the claims made by the school as to its 

 practical value in gaining a livelihood are fully substantiated — about 

 seventy per cent being engaged in those pursuits in which a high 

 order of intelligence as well as skill of hand are required. Already a 

 large number occupy positions of trust and responsibility — as super- 

 intendents, managers, foremen, etc. That the school fosters a desire 

 for higher education is shown in the fact that about twenty-five per 

 cent of the graduates are students in colleges, universities, or tech- 

 nical schools." 



These actual results are much the same in every manual training 

 school in the land. They show increased power on the part of the 

 graduates, and a practical ability to take care of themselves. And 

 yet in quoting these results I am reminded of the little girl who said, 

 when her drawings were highly praised, that they were not her best. 

 She was urged so warmly to show the rest that she finally explained 

 that her best drawings had not yet been made. These actual results 

 of manual training are good, practical results and are most encour- 

 aging, but the best results of which it is capable have not yet been 

 brought out. We stand only on the threshold. But in these large 

 possible results I believe just as firmly, and I do so because I believe 

 in cause and effect, believe that what you sow you reap, that benefi- 

 cent causes are surely followed by beneficent effects. 



Mr. Dewar has succeeded in liquefying hydrogen at a temperature of 

 — 205° C, under a pressure of one hundred and eigbtj- atmospheres, obtain- 

 ing the liquid in considerable quantities. Previous to his experiment, M. 

 Cailletet had reduced hydrogen to the condition of a fog, and another experi- 

 menter had obtained a few drops of the liquid, but had never been able to 

 perceive a meniscus separating the liquid from the gas. In Mr. Dewar's 

 experiment the liquid flowed and was collected in specially constructed 

 vessels, to the amount of fifty cubic centimetres. Liquid hydrogen is color- 

 less and very transparent, with a considerable index of refraction and a 

 density superior to the theoretical value. It presented no absorption spec- 

 trum, and condensed air, which at the temperature of the experiment j)assed 

 into the solid state, and fell as a snow to the bottom of the liquid. Wad- 

 ding dipped in the liquid and exposed to a flame burned without deflagra- 

 tion. Placing a tube filled with helium gas in the liquid, Mr. Dewar 

 obtained liquid helium. 



