THE RACIAL GEOGRAPHY OF EUROPE. 727 



Tcboiids, and Vods, are still more distinct. Our map at once brings 

 the peculiar head-form of these groups into strong relief. All along 

 the frontier of Germany, and away up to Finland, a strong tend- 

 ency to long-headedness is manifested. This contrast, as it appears to 

 the ordinary traveler, is exemplified in our portraits. A narrow 

 head generally is accompanied by a rather long and narrow face; 

 our Mongol types, with their very round bullet heads, are char- 

 acteristically broad and squarish-faced. This is partially due to the 

 jirominence of the cheek bones. It is this latter characteristic of our 

 American aborigines which gives them their peculiar Mongol aspect. 

 I have observed the very broad face to be one of the most per- 

 sistent traits in the cross-breeds. Dr. Boas has proved it statis- 

 tically. Even a trace of Indian blood will often cause this peculiar- 

 ity. Xow, the Russians express their relative broad-headedness, 

 as compared with the Letto-Lithuanians and Baltic Finns, in the 

 relatively squarish form of their faces.* The Yolga Finns, on 

 the other hand, with more admixture of Mongol blood, are per- 

 ceptibly broader faced. Our portraits make this difference apparent 

 at once. 



' South and west of the Carpathian Mountains a second great divi- 

 sion of the Slavs exists. This includes the Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, 

 Moravians; and — divided from them by the intrusive Magyars, who 

 speak a Finnic language— the Slovenes, Serbo-Croatians, and Bos- 

 nians in the south. This congeries of scattered Slavic nationalities 

 seems to be, for some reason, politically adrift in Europe. The 

 Bulgars and Roumanians belong to a still different class. For the 

 former, while Slavic in speech, is quite distinct in physical derivation ; 

 and the Roumanians, in origin probably allied to the Slavs, speak 

 a corrupted Romance language. Matters are indeed becoming mixed 

 as we approach the Balkan Peninsula. This entire group of south- 

 western Slavs is characterized by a very prevalent broad-headedness, 

 much more marked than among the Russians, as Weisbach has been 

 proving for twenty-five years. Their brachycephaly is directly con- 

 joined to that of the Alpine highlands in the Tyrol, where we pass 

 beyond the limits of Slavdom, and enter the territory once occupied 

 by the Celts. Our map points to a once universal broad-headedness 

 over all the present Austro-Hungarian Empire, from which a spur 

 seems to extend over into Little Russia, becoming lost in an expanse 

 of longer-head edness in the plains beyond. All tliQ. mountainous 

 regions are still characterized by brachycephaly; it is a repetition of 

 the law which holds good throughout western Europe. This brachy- 



* Talko-Hryneewicz, 1893, p. 169, and Majer and Kopernicky, 188.5, p. 59, show the round 

 broad face of the Poles in Galicia, as compared with the Ruthenians. The Carpathian 

 mountaineers seem to be anomalously long-faced. (Kopernicky, 1889, p. 49.) 



