730 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



its purity.* Two tliircls of these Baltic peoples appear as pure blondes. 

 The Poles are nearly as light, apparently. Majer and Kopernicky,t 

 in fact, found more blond types among adults even than Virchow 

 did among his German school children, and this, too, despite the fact 

 that the blondness of the latter would surely decrease with growth. 

 Next to the Poles and Letto-Lithuanians come the White Kussians- 

 and the people of Podolia (see map facing page 724), with still a ma- 

 jority of blond types. The Great Kussians are somewhat darker^ 

 but even they are appreciably lighter in complexion than the little 

 Kussians in the southern governments. These TJkainians are still blue 

 or lightish in eye, but betray a strong disposition to dark-brown hair. 

 This latter is here as common as the light brown. :|: The ''beer- 

 colored " eye, in most frequent combination with really dark hair, 

 brings us to the culmination of brunetteness among the Galicians m 

 the Carpathian Mountains. These Gorali, as our table indicates, in 

 contrast with the Letto-Lithuanians, show the clear brunette at last 

 outweighing the blond. The name " black Russians," applied to these 

 mountaineers to distinguish them from the Kuthenians, or " red Rus- 

 sians," of the plains of Galicia, appears to be deserved. They seem 

 to contain twice as many clear brunette types as the Ukrainians, who- 

 are in Russia accounted dark. Beneath all these variations, however, 

 underlies the rufous tendency of which we have spoken. It distin- 

 guishes the Russian blondness from that of all other Europeans. 



In stature the Russians are of medium height, but they betray 

 the same susceptibility to the influences of environment as other 

 Europeans Our map, herewith, illustrates this clearly. This inves- 

 tigation of upward of two million recruits, by the eminent anthro- 

 pologist Anutchin, shows a considerable variation according to the 

 fertility of the country. Thus in the northern half, above Moscow 

 and Kazan, the adult males are two inches shorter than in the 

 Ukraine about Kiev, which lies in the heart of the Black Mold belt. 

 The difference between White and Little Russians is due to the same 



* Talko-Hryncewicz is the only observer who has consistently applied a uniform system 

 of observation to various localities. This table, arranged from his works of 1893, p. 112, 

 1894 p. 168, and 1897, p. 279, presents the best summary of his conclusions. He has cov- 

 ered 'Lithuania, White and Little Russia. We have added results from Majer and Koper- 

 nicky 1877, p. 112, and 1885, p. 43, and Kopernicky, 1889, as to the Kuthenians and Poles 

 in Ga'licia. ' We add, although not strictly comparable, Zograf's (1892 a, p. 165) results on 

 the Great Russians. More definite comparisons, yielding, however, entirely parallel results, 

 may be drawn from the color of the hair alone. Thus we may include the Poles and even 

 the southern Slavs as far as Bulgaria. To the tables in Talko-Hryncewicz's papers may 

 then be directly added W^eisbach's obsei-vations over a large field. Niederle, 1896, pp. 60 

 et seq., has done this most satisfactorily. 



t 1877, pp. 90 and 112, and 1885, p. 34. Elkind's results (1896) also show a marked 



blondness. 



X Tschubinsky, 1878, p. 364, confirms these results. 



