MAN IN NATURE. 447 



other of the rival systems of classification, some separating man 

 from the Primates as a special order, others isolating him among 

 the Primates as a suborder or family, and others including man and 

 the anthropoids together. We said we must draw up a general 

 balance sheet. As the divergences sometimes pertain to what we 

 consider only one aspect of the problem, it was necessary to re- 

 gard all the aspects ; and we have done this. We have given our 

 conclusions respecting each characteristic, respecting each group 

 of characteristics. Our present purpose is only to summarize the 

 most affirmative of them, those that concern the brain and the 

 skull, the adaptation of the body, and particularly of the lower 

 limbs, to the bipedal attitude, and of the upper limbs to pre- 

 hension. 



In the general type of the brain we have only determined com- 

 mon characteristics in what concerns the profound structure. 



The type of the convolutions appears to us rudimentary in the 

 lower Primates ; gradually developing, already characterized in 

 the papion; absolutely established, according to Broca, in the 

 gibbon ; becoming more complicated in passing from the anthro- 

 poids to man, but without appreciable change to a characteristic 

 which must not be neglected, the transformation of the third fron- 

 tal convolution. Man alone presents the speech centre, a character- 

 istic corresponding with the acquisition of the faculty of articu- 

 late language. The conclusion results that, even without regard 

 to the richness of man's convolutions, there still exists between 

 him and the anthropoids a difference — capital in its physiological 

 consequences — which forbids any relation on this ground between 

 them and him. As to the volume of the brain the conclusion is 

 express. It is triple in man and leaves the anthropoids with the 

 other monkeys. 



The consequence of this increase of volume, general, but pre- 

 dominant in the anterior lobes, is the complete transformation of 

 the skull. While it retains some of the characteristics peculiar 

 to the Primates in general, which it had already assumed, it be- 

 comes what we know it in existing man, profoundly different in 

 all its characteristics from the skull of the anthropoids, including 

 the craniometrical characteristics. The face itself is transformed. 

 All bends before the supremacy of the organ which, near or far, 

 governs the whole human organism and separates it completely 

 from the anthropoids. 



The hand is the second fundamental characteristic of man, 

 but a characteristic common to all the Primates, starting with 

 the first ones and advancing continually toward perfection. With 

 the monkeys, the forearm comes to the aid of the hand ; with the 

 anthropoids, the whole fore limb concurs in the function ; in 

 man it acquires its final degree of precision. Till then it was 



