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POPULAR MISCELLANY. 



The Indo-European Conception of the 

 Sonl. — In a paper in the British Association 

 on The Indo-Europeans' Conception of a Fu- 

 ture Life and its Bearing upon their Reli- 

 gions, Prof. G. Hartwell Jones said that three 

 heads naturally suggested themselves : 1. The 

 connection of body and soul. 2. The condi- 

 tion of the deceased. 3. The relations be- 

 tween the departed and those left behind. 

 With regard to the nature of the soul, he 

 pointed out that in primitive times souls were 

 ascribed to the universe — the anima mundi — 

 to nymphs of various kinds, to the lower ani- 

 mals, to fountains, or trees. Heaven was the 

 source from which the soul of man was de- 

 rived, and to which it returned after purifi- 

 cation. As to its creation, it had no corpo- 

 real element ; it was created before the body ; 

 sometimes it was identified with fire. The 

 etymology of the expressions for soul were 

 instructive — e. g., Sanskrit atlndriya, or 

 " transcending the senses " ; Greek 6vfi6s, 

 from a root meaning to shake, or fan ; so, 

 too, the notion of " air," " vapor," " shade." 

 Still more common was the idea of " breath." 

 Its seat was the heart or blood. At the mo- 

 ment of dissolution the soul escaped through 

 the mouth or nostrils ; it left with a groan, 

 it passed to the ethereal regions. Death was 

 often looked upon as a kind of sleep. Their 

 stoicism in the face of death was attested by 

 the frequency of suicide, or of substitution, 

 or the prohibition of mourning. The theory 

 of a future life prevalent in the animistic 

 stage was that of continuance, the tastes and 

 occupations being the same as in this world ; 

 even Homer had not overgrown this. But 

 this existence was incomplete and dreary; 

 the ghosts gibbered and were doomed to si- 

 lence. The severance was not complete, for 

 the welfare of the spirit depended upon the 

 proper treatment of the body, else it wan- 

 dered disconsolate. Hence the observance 

 of rites. At first the body was disposed of 

 by inhumation, probably to preserve the iden- 



