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THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



respiration, but they are of the utmost utility in the function 

 which comes next to respiration in importance — namely, that of 

 nutrition. The animal has to be fed, and all the arrangements of 

 the limbs are more or less subservient to this primary object. In 

 a fish the muscular masses at both sides of the spine bend the 

 posterior part of the body and the tail alternately to one side or 

 another, and so the animal is propelled through the water in 

 search of food. No doubt these same muscles help it to escape 

 danger, but their primary object is to obtain food ; and if there 

 be great hunger all animals will strive to feed, whatever be the 

 risk they run in doing so. The movements of fish are simple com- 



Fig. 9. — Diagram of the Motor Centers in the Brain. (Modified from those of Ferrier 

 aud Horsley.) The motor centers have been numbered so as to represent the successive 

 actions in seeing, taking, and eating the apple, etc. : 1. Eve sees the fruit (eyes turn to 

 opposite side). 2. Looks more eagerly at it (head and eyes turn). 3. Turns toward it 

 (head to opposite side). 4. Puts forth her hand to take it (a, movements of shoulder; b, 

 of elbow; c, of wrist; d, ot fingers). 5. Luxuriously shuts her eyes, so as to enjoy the 

 sweet morsel more thoroughly. 6. Eats the apple. 7. Picks out and throws away the 

 refuse (^, movements of fingers ; e, of index ; /, of thumb ; «, b, c, as in 5). 8, 9, 10, 11. 

 Went and got another for Adam (8, movements of hallux ; 9, of small toes ; 10, of knee 

 and ankle ; 11, of hip). 



pared with those of animals with limbs, and especially with those 

 of man. Yet the arrangements of man's body are equally adapted 

 with those of the fish for obtaining food. 



There are two prevalent ideas regarding the origin of man. 

 One is that he started full grown and perfectly developed from 

 the dust of the ground, and lived in a garden which he " dressed 

 and kept." The other is the Darwinian one, that man is de- 

 veloped from an arboreal animal like the monkey, though lower 

 than the monkey. It matters not which of these ideas we take, 

 because they perfectly agree that primitive man lived at first in a 

 kind of paradise where he was not exposed to the attacks of wild 

 beasts, and where he fed on the fruit which he plucked from the 

 trees around him. The story of Adam and Eve has got the ad- 

 vantage of not only being more poetical, but it is very much 



