STRUCTURE, ACTION, AND THOUGHT. 



759 



tliey have been found by Horsley and Schafer exactly in the place 

 where, according to our idea, they ought to be, at the marginal 

 convolution connecting the first and last centers of which we 

 have just spoken and thus completing the circle of action. 



Here I would like to draw your attention to the fact that great 

 painters like great poets often appear to see more than ordinary 

 mortals, and in his lovely picture, The Fall of Man, which is 

 painted on the walls of the Loggia of the Vatican in Rome, 

 Raphael seems to have almost forestalled the results of physio- 

 logical experiment. In the mental picture of the scene which 

 most of us must have formed for ourselves it is probable that it 

 did not occur to many of us to pay any attention whatever to the 

 movements of the great toe, and yet in Horsley's diagram of the 

 cortical centers that for the hallux comes forward most promi- 

 nently, and, as you will see from Raphael's picture (Fig. 15), Eve's 

 foot is raised, and the great toe both in her foot and that of Adam 

 is brought into what one would think rather too violent action. 

 In the action of plucking and eating the fruit there is no break 

 between the eyes, head, and arm, and that of the mouth and 

 tongue, and in the usual process of eating the actions go on which 

 are necessary simply to repeat the process of plucking and eat- 

 ing. Again, too, in the dog the arrangement is quite different 

 (Fig. 11), and yet it is exactly what one would expect from the 

 different necessities of the animal. In the frugivorous animal 

 the motions are pluck and eat, pluck and eat ; but in the carniv- 

 orous animal a long chase after the prey is necessary before the 

 animal can bring the 

 jaws into action, and 

 in the dog according- 

 ly we find that the 

 movements of masti- 

 cation, instead of be- 

 ing arranged in linear 

 series with those of 

 the limbs, are repre- 

 sented at a spot which 

 is somewhat removed 

 from them. In the 

 cortex the centers are 

 so far apart as to be 



distinguishable from one another ; but as the nerve fibers which 

 pass downward from them to the base of the brain become closely 

 crowded together in the internal capsule, localization is more 

 difficult (Fig. 12), although Horsley and Beevor have found gen- 

 erally that the arrangement of the fibers from before backward 

 corresponds to the arrangement of the centers just described. But 



EVES OPEN 



6, TURN TO 



OPPOSITE SIDE 



HEAO TO OPPOSITE SIDE 



; FINGERS 

 IP, ANKLE, KNEE, & TOES. 



Fig. 12. — Diagram of the Internal Capsule. 



