LITERARY NOTICES. 



129 



evolutionary ethics. In its full scope, the 

 moral system to be set forth unites sternness 

 with kindness ; but thus far attention has 

 been drawn almost wholly to the sternness. 

 Extreme misapprehensions and gross mis- 

 statements have hence resulted." 



Thomas Carlyle's Moral and Religious 

 Development : A Study. By Ewald 

 Flugel. From the German by Jessica 

 Gilbert Tyler. New York : M. L. Hol- 

 brook & Co. Pp. 140. Price, $1. 



Tins is a clear and graceful rendering 

 into English of Dr. FliigePs study of Carlyle. 

 If we are not able to follow Mr. Froude in 

 his estimation of the sage of Chelsea as indis- 

 putably the greatest man, excepting Goethe, 

 that has appeared in Europe for centuries, we 

 can easily subscribe to the German philoso- 

 pher's opinion that he is " a moral force of 

 great significance." Worship and work were 

 the watchwords of Carlyle. History, science, 

 philosophy, poetry, and art were worthless 

 to him when divorced from ethical signifi- 

 cance. Records and events were barren un- 

 less the historian sought in them the meaning 

 of human life. The translator has omitted 

 Part I, the appendix, and notes, which appear 

 in the original ; these pertain chiefly to the 

 life of Carlyle, and are given fully elsewhere 

 by his biographers. In the portrait attached, 

 the philosopher looks forth dejectedly at a 

 flippant generation. 



Primitive Man in Onio. By Warren K. 

 Moorehead. New York : G. P. Putnam's 

 Sons. Pp. 246. 



Mr. Moorehead, one of the most active 

 and efficient of the explorers of the Ohio 

 mounds, who has already given in his Fort 

 Ancient the fruit of a most thorough and 

 exhaustive investigation, believes that exag- 

 gerated notions prevail of the civilization of 

 the mound-builders. These exaggerated ideas 

 are fed by the works of superficial lookers at 

 the mounds, who in their writings do not lose 

 sight of sensational effect, and by writers 

 who try to uphold theories previously formed. 

 It is the purpose of this book to do away 

 with certain of these illusions. The author 

 is, in fact, a little impatient that they should 

 exist, for he says: "Why there should be so 

 much speculation and uncertainty concerning 

 the aborigines is inexplicable to us. No 

 question of equal importance could have been 



YOL. XLII. — 9 



more easily determined had the early writers 

 given as much care and patience to mound 

 exploration as are given at the present time." 

 The book presents the results of four seasons 

 of exploration, during which one hundred 

 and seven mounds, graves, and cemeteries 

 were opened. In every excavation careful 

 field-notes were made on the spot, and each 

 night the result of the day's work was fully 

 written out. Earthworks are not included 

 in the descriptions. The author has been 

 assisted by Mr. Gerard Fowke, who contrib- 

 uted the chapter on Flint Ridge ; Dr. H. T. 

 Cresson ; Mr. Jack Bennett for illustrations, 

 sectional drawings, and ground plans, and for 

 observations on osteological collections and 

 palaeolithic man ; and Mr. W. II. Davis for a 

 chapter on the Muskingum Valley. The de- 

 scriptions relate to mounds in Licking County 

 (Newark), the Muskingum Valley, the Madi- 

 sonville Cemetery, the east fork of the Little 

 Miami River, Fort Ancient, Clinton County, 

 and Chillicothe and Ross County. From the 

 results reached in the explorations, the au- 

 thor draw r s the conclusions that the tribes 

 did not occupy the northern part of the State 

 for any considerable length of time, but were 

 settled chiefly in the large river valleys ; that 

 both the brachy cephalic and the dolichoce- 

 phalic races intermingled largely in all the val- 

 leys save the Muskingum ; and that nothing 

 more than the upper status of savagery was 

 attained by any race or tribe living in the 

 present State of Ohio. " If we go by field 

 testimony alone, we can assign primitive man 

 high attainments in but few things, and these 

 indicate neither civilization nor an approach 

 to it. First, he excelled in building fortifi- 

 cations and in the interment of his dead ; 

 second, he made surprisingly long journeys 

 for mica, copper, lead, shells, and other for- 

 eign substances, to be used as tools and orna- 

 ments ; third, he was an adept in the chase 

 and in war ; fourth, he chipped flint and 

 made carvings on bone, stone, and slate ex- 

 ceedingly well, when we consider the primi- 

 tive tools he employed ; fifth, a few of the 

 more skillful men of his tribe made fairly 

 good representations of animals, birds, and 

 human figures in stone. ... On the other 

 hand, he failed to grasp the idea of communi- 

 cation by written characters, the use of metal 

 (except in the cold state), the cutting of 

 stone, or the making of brick for building 



