LITERAR Y NO TICES. 



131 



forbid its citizens to buy their goods in the 

 cheapest markets. It is because he finds 

 every argument used by the advocates of the 

 American system in 1884, borrowed from the 

 speeches of the parliamentary orators in 1844, 

 that he concludes the principles of both sys- 

 tems are the same, and hence they must be 

 beneficial or injurious to one country as well 

 as to the other. To keep the volume abreast 

 of the debate in this country, it has been re- 

 vised, and enough additional facts and argu- 

 ments interwoven throughout the historical 

 portions sufficient to make it a good cam- 

 paign document. The historical portion of 

 the book is rather well condensed from the 

 more elaborate histories of free trade pub- 

 lished in the Cobden Club Series and pam- 

 phlets, and it appears, upon the whole, fair and 

 impartial. The book seems especially oppor- 

 tune whichever partisan reads, because logi- 

 cally the historical resume comes before the 

 actual discussion of free trade versus protec- 

 tion. Otherwise, how could we intelligently 

 understand what was done, why it was done, 

 and the circumstances which lead through so 

 fierce a contest up to the final accomplish- 

 ment ? There is an excellent index, so ne- 

 cessary to a book of this character. 



An Introduction to General Logic. By E. 

 E. Constance Jones. London and New 

 York : Longmans, Green & Co. Pp. 283. 

 Price, $1.50. 



The author's purpose in preparing this 

 work has been to provide a First Logic Book 

 which, besides being useful in teaching begin- 

 ners, may furnish a brief, connected sketch 

 of the science, and he hopes that what he 

 has to say may help to remove certain diffi- 

 culties familiar to all teachers of logic, which 

 have forcibly pressed themselves upon his 

 attention in his own teaching. He here sets 

 forth, as simply and systematically as possi- 

 ble, views indicated in a small book of Notes 

 on Difficult Points in Logic which he had 

 previously written, in which he discussed 

 fully the cases in which he diverged from 

 traditional doctrines, and his reasons for the 

 divergence. He regards his scheme as fol- 

 lowing naturally from the view taken of the 

 twofold character of terms, which, as names 

 of things, have both application and signifi- 

 cation. On this datum, together with the 

 recognition that things have a plurality of 



characteristics and a consequent plurality of 

 names, depends the possibility of significant 

 assertion and the whole doctrine of inference. 

 The principle of excluded middle suggests 

 and supports a recognition of the relatedness 

 of things to one another ; and a considera- 

 tion of Bacon's doctrine of form suggests a 

 modification of Mill's view of induction. The 

 relation of induction to deduction appears 

 to be so close that it is more convenient to 

 regard all logic as one than to make a radical 

 and fundamental division between deductive 

 or formal and inductive or material logic. 

 Upon the twofold character of terms, again, 

 depends the recognition of the law of iden- 

 tity as a law of identity in diversity. The 

 author believes that his views about relative 

 propositions, quantification, disjunctives, the 

 force and interdependence of the principles 

 of logic, the systematization of fallacies, and, 

 partly, the elaboration of immediate infer- 

 ences, are to some extent new. 



Darwin and after Darwin. By George 

 John Romanes. Vol. I. Tue Darwin- 

 ian Theory. Chicago : The Open Court 

 Publishing Company. Pp. 476. Price, $2. 



In the volume now before us Mr. Romanes 

 gives a statement of the evidence which sup- 

 ports Darwin's biological doctrine, leaving to 

 a second volume the discussion of post-Dar- 

 winian questions. Taking first classification, 

 he shows that all organic Nature readily falls 

 into an arrangement of group subordinate to 

 group, which is just what would have been 

 expected on the supposition that the relation- 

 ships of the various species indicate lines of 

 descent. In the field of morphology he 

 points out the fact that where any organ 

 gives evidence of having been modified in a 

 certain direction, other parts of the same or- 

 ganism have evidently been modified to the 

 same extent. Here also comes in the argu- 

 ment from vestigial structures. Some of 

 these vestiges can be noted only during the 

 infancy of the species, such as the form and 

 functions of the limbs of young children. 

 One of the illustrations in this chapter is 

 from a photograph taken by Dr. Louis Rob- 

 inson in his recent investigations on the 

 grasping power of infants. The arguments 

 from embryology, paleontology, and geo- 

 graphical distribution follow in successive 

 chapters. A distinct division of the volume 



