NEW CHAPTERS IN THE WARE ABE OF SCIENCE. 157 



and armed them with the malleus male fi car um, to torture and 

 destroy men and women by tens of thousands for sorcery and 

 magic. 



Under such guidance the secular rulers were naturally vigor- 

 ous in the same policy. In 1380 Charles V of France forbade the 

 possession of furnaces and apparatus necessary for chemical pro- 

 cesses. Under this law the chemist John Barrillon was thrown 

 into prison, and it was only by the greatest effort that his life 

 was saved. In 1404 Henry IV of England issued a similar decree, 

 and in 1118 the Republic of Venice followed these examples. 



But champions of science still pressed on. The judicial tor- 

 ture and murder of Antonio de Dominis were not simply for 

 heresy ; his investigations in the phenomena of light were an 

 additional crime. Pierre de la Ramee fell in the massacre of St. 

 Bartholomew as a heretic, but his teachings had previously been 

 stopped by a royal edict, sought by the Church on account of his 

 breaking away from the old theological methods.* 



* For an account of Bacon's treatise, De Nullitate Magise, see Hoefer. For the uproar 

 caused by Bacon's teaching at Oxford, see Kopp, Geschichte der Chemie, Braunschweig, 

 1343, vol. i, p. 63 ; and for a somewhat reactionary discussion of Bacon's relation to the 

 progress of chemistry, see a recent work by the same author, Ansichten liber die Aufgabe 

 der Chemie, Braunschweig, 1874, pp. 85 et seq. ; also, for an excellent summary, see Hoefer, 

 Hist, de la Chimie, vol. i, pp. 368 et seq. For probably the most thorough study of Bacon's 

 general works in science, and for his views of the universe, see Prof. Werner, Die Kosmo- 

 logie und allgemeine Naturlehre des Roger Baco, Wien, 1879. For summaries of his work 

 in other fields, see Whewell, vol. i, pp. 367, 368 ; Draper, p. 438 ; Saisset, Descartes et ses 

 Precurseurs, deuxieme edition, pp. 397 et seq. ; Nourrisson, Progres de la Pensee humaine, 

 pp. 271, 272; Sprengel, Histoire de la Medecine, Paris, 1865, vol. ii, p. 397; Cuvier, 

 Histoire des Sciences Naturelles, vol. i, p. 417. As to Bacon's orthodoxy, see Saisset, pp. 

 53, 55. For special examination of causes of Bacon's condemnation, see Waddington, cited 

 by Saisset, p. 14. On Bacon as a sorcerer, see Featherstonhaugh's article in North American 

 Review. For a brief but admirable statement of Roger Bacon's relation to the world in his 

 time, and of what he might have done had he not been thwarted by theology, see Dollinger, 

 Studies in European History, English translation, London, 1890, pp. 178, 179. For a good 

 example of the danger of denying the full power of Satan, even in much more recent times 

 and in a Protestant country, see account of treatment of Bekker's Monde Enchante by the 

 theologians of Holland, in Nisard, Histoire des Livres Populaires, vol. i, pp. 172, 173. 

 Kopp, in his Ansichten, pushes criticism even to some skepticism as to Roger Bacon being 

 the discoverer of many of the things generally attributed to him ; but, after all deductions 

 are carefully made, enough remains to make Bacon the greatest benefactor to humanity 

 during the middle ages. For Roger Bacon's deep devotion to religion and the Church, see 

 citation and remarks in Schneider, Roger Bacon, Augsburg, 1873, p. 112; also, citation 

 from the Opus Majus in Eicken, chap. vi. On Bacon as a " Mohammedan," see Saisset, p. 17. 

 For the interdiction of studies in physical science by the Dominicans and Franciscans, see 

 Henri Martin, Histoire de France, vol. iv, p. 283. For the suppression of chemical teaching 

 by the Parliament of Paris, see Henri Martin, Histoire de France, vol. xii, pp. 14, 15. For 

 proofs that the world is steadily working toward great discoveries as to the cause and pre- 

 vention of zymotic diseases and of their propagation, see Beale's Disease Germs, Baldwin 

 Latham's Sanitary Engineering, Michel Levy's Traite d'Hygiene Publique et Privee. For 

 a summary of the bull Spondcnt pariter, and for an example of injury done by it, see 



