CANINE MORALS AND MANNERS. 171 



from the mountains of Wales, reaching eastward to Birmingham. 

 But the two movements did not quite join. An unglaciated area 

 was left between. 



During all this time the Irish Sea was slowly filling up with 

 the ice which was shed from the mountains of northern England, 

 southwestern Scotland, and Ireland. This finally reached the 

 obstruction presented by the mountains of Wales and divided — 

 one branch of the ice-current going southwestward along the 

 channel of the Irish Sea, and the other southeastward through 

 the vale of Chester into the upper part of the Severn Valley. 

 The bowlders transported by this movement are distributed down 

 to a very definite line as marked in the map, and they overlie 

 those from the Welsh mountains. It is in this area, containing 

 bowlders from the lake district and southwestern Scotland, and 

 in that covered with Scandinavian ice, that shells are found in 

 the glacial deposits. Over the uncolored portion of the map and 

 outside the limits of these two movements there is nothing to sug- 

 gest a glacial or interglacial submergence. For a popular but 

 full and comprehensive statement of the facts in the case the 

 reader must consult Prof. Kendall's chapter in the volume from 

 which we are permitted to copy this extremely interesting map. 



CANINE MORALS AND MANNERS. 



By LOUIS EOBINSON. 



IT is always interesting to trace the various habits and attri- 

 butes of our domestic animals which form the bond of their 

 association with us back to their natural origin. In doing so we 

 can hardly fail to reach some suggestive inferences which bear 

 upon our own early history as well as upon that of the animals 

 we study. 



Most of our dumb companions and helpers have become modi- 

 fied by changing circumstances since the partnership began even 

 more than ourselves, and have become partakers with us of the 

 advantages and disadvantages of our civilization. This is espe- 

 cially so in the case of the dog, man's closest associate and earliest 

 ally. The many who happily respond to his affectionate and 

 loyal service by regarding him as worthy of the consideration of 

 a valued friend will, it is hoped, follow with pleasure a few 

 thoughts here put forward which have arisen from a study of the 

 habits that now characterize him as compared with those of his 

 wild relatives. 



We must remember that although the dog is now our friend, 

 with interests in the main in harmony with ours, he was not al- 



