8 54 



THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



branches of the subject as the tests of the 

 senses, the powers of judgment, the times 

 of mental processes, the nature of the asso- 

 ciation of ideas, the limits and varieties of 

 memory, the effects of fatigue, the relation 

 of mind and body, and so on. A second im- 

 portant part of the exhibit will consist of a 

 working laboratory, in which tests will be 

 made upon all who choose to subject them- 

 selves to them. The tests are necessarily 

 simple in character, and have for their ob- 

 ject the determination of normal averages in 

 respect to various forms of vision, of tactile 

 sensation, of times and accuracy of judg- 

 ment, association and reaction, of the nature 

 of association, and the like. And, thirdly, a 

 department in which results will be exhib- 

 ited, will attempt to show the practical im- 

 portance of these investigations and their 

 various applications in the study of child 

 growth, the study of abnormal forms of men- 

 tal phenomena, and the like. — Dr. Sanford, 

 of Clark University, gave an account of some 

 of the studies in progress there. One of 

 these related to the fluctuation in mental 

 power at different portions of the day, as de- 

 termined by the capacity to remember a se- 

 ries of arbitrary impressions. Another re- 

 search gave an account of the frequency and 

 character of the dreams of subjects who at 

 once record their dreams upon awakening 

 from them. The frequency of dreams and 

 their concentration in the early hours of 

 the morning, the large factors that recent 

 events contribute to them, appeared as some 

 of the results of this investigation. — An- 

 other interesting paper, presented by Dr. 

 Witmer, of the University of Pennsylvania, 

 gave an account of the research upon the 

 aesthetics of visual form and attempting to 

 answer the question, What are the most 

 pleasing forms and proportions in the great 

 variety of figures and conditions ? — A paper 

 by Prof. Bryan, of the University of Indiana, 

 giving an account of the development of 

 motor power in children at different ages, 

 and bringing out many significant and impor- 

 tant results, was presented ; also papers by 

 Dr. Nichols, of Harvard University, present- 

 ing some novel experiments upon illusions 

 of rotation and upon the sense of pain ; by 

 Prof. Pace, of the Catholic University of 

 Washington, on the power of judging the 

 thickness of surfaces held between the thumb 



and forefinger ; and papers by Dr. Chamber- 

 lain, on the Relation of Psychology and An- 

 thropology, and by Dr. Aikens, on An Anal- 

 ysis of Cause. — The meeting adjourned to 

 next December at Columbia College, New 

 York, the officers of the association being : 

 President, (i. Stanley Hall, of Clark Univer- 

 sity ; vice-president, George T. Ladd, of Yale 

 University; and secretary, Joseph Jastrow, 

 of the University of Wisconsin. 



Arbitration with English Trades 1 1: ions. 



— The English Labor Commission has com- 

 pleted its examination of the conditions, etc., 

 of every branch of labor, except agriculture, 

 in the kingdom. Its results, embodying the 

 testimony of more than four hundred and 

 thirty witnesses, as summarized by Mr. John 

 Rae, in the Contemporary Review, make it 

 clear that there has been during the last 

 twenty years a remarkable growth in all 

 parts of the kingdom of the institutions that 

 make for industrial peace — the Board of 

 Arbitration, the Joint Committee of Concilia- 

 tion, and the sliding scale. The Board of 

 Conciliation, the essential feature of which 

 was a full interchange of views between the 

 representatives of the parties — employers 

 and hands — face to face, was started in 1866. 

 The original board, formed by Mr. Mundella 

 for the hosiery trade, was short-lived, but 

 the principle was adopted, and still prevails. 

 The first Board of Arbitration, which pro- 

 vides for binding reference to an umpire in 

 case the conference fails, started in the iron 

 trade by Sir Rupert Kettle in 1869, is still 

 efficient ; and a second board, started in 

 1872, has likewise proved its usefulness and 

 its right to live. Since the establishment of 

 these boards in the northern and midland 

 counties of England, respectively, there has 

 been no strike in the northern district, and 

 only one insignificant strike in the middle 

 district. In fact, " strikes, and even the very 

 disposition to strike, seem to be thoroughly 

 stamped out in this [the iron and steel] in- 

 dustry." In many trades there is a great be- 

 lief in conciliation, but a great dislike to 

 arbitration. Many think the "long jaw" 

 (as the Conciliation Conference is called) 

 " sufficient to remove all difficulties, and 

 make both parties in the end see eye to eye ; 

 but the members of the manufactured iron 

 trade are most decided in counting concilia- 



