328 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



full-rated capacity without injury, providing the strain is not main- 

 tained too long. A steam engine or any other type of motor that 

 has ever been used for railway propulsion if loaded beyond its 

 capacity will come to a standstill — that is, it will be stalled — but 

 an electric motor can not be stalled with any strain that is likely 

 to be placed upon it. If the load is increased the motor will run 

 slower and the current will become greater, thus increasing the 

 pull, but the armature will continue to rotate until the current 

 becomes so great as to burn out the insulation. A railway motor 

 calculated to work up to twenty-five-horse power will have to de- 

 velop on an average about six- or seven-horse power, but if the 

 car runs off the track on a steep grade, and has such a heavy load 

 that the motor is called upon to develop one-hundred-horse power 

 for a few seconds, the machine will be equal to the occasion. This 

 result a steam, gas, or any other type of engine can not accomplish, 

 and it is this fact as much as anything else that has given the elec- 

 tric motor the control of the street-railway field. 



\^To be condnued.l 



WOMAN'S STRUGGLE FOR LIBERTY IN GERMANY. 



By MARY MILLS PATRICK, Ph. D., 



PRESIDENT OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE FOR GIRLS AT CONSTANTINOPLE. 



IT is during the latter part of the present century that a general 

 movement has arisen to give women their rights in business 

 life and in political and social affairs. It is the intention of this 

 article to treat of this movement, especially in its relation to edu- 

 cation, in Germany, where, of all civilized lands, it has had appar- 

 ently the smallest results. Progress in the direction indicated 

 has been, however, far greater than appears on the surface, and 

 the movement is slowly taking shape in a form that will gain offi- 

 cial recognition and support, and the way is being prepared for 

 scholarly attainments among the women of Germany, superior, 

 possibly, to those of the women of other nations. 



There is, moreover, an ideal side to this movement in Germany 

 not altogether found in other lands. The motive for advanced 

 study is more largely joy in the study itself, and desire to supply 

 the spiritual needs of an idle life. In order to understand this 

 ideal tendency it is necessary to cast a glance backward over nearly 

 three hundred years. 



Let us begin with the contest which was waged so successfully 

 for the development and protection of the German language, first 



