TRADE CORPORATIONS IN CHINA. 727 



ince. Those who are of the same local origin, on the other hand, 

 etand by one another. Hence it has come to pass that some trades 

 have been monopolized by the people of some one province. Most 

 of the bankers were originally from Chan-Si; all the great mer- 

 chants came from Anhoei. The people of Chan-tung have three 

 special occupations in Peking. They have the exclusive privilege 

 of killing pigs and retailing meat. They are the only water car- 

 riers, each one having his well on the public highway, his water- 

 ing place for horses and mules, and his district where he sells 

 water without permitting the people to provide for themselves 

 elsewhere. Such privileges are consecrated by usage and zealously 

 defended by their holders, and respect for them is enforced, when 

 necessary, by the authorities. Associations are formed, also, even 

 among the coolies who work on the docks. 



These details show by how great a variety of forms all the cor- 

 porations assure the same result — the organization of labor. We 

 see also how they extend beyond commerce. The Chinaman is 

 in fact a social being bound closely to his fellows — of the family, 

 province, trade, or class — by every tie and in every sphere of life. 

 He is never a man living by himself and for himself, and is not 

 accustomed to independence. Hence the authority of the corpora- 

 tion, instead of seeming strange, is a necessity to him. Conse- 

 quently the corporation has the right, by universal consent, to 

 exact obedience from its members, and to compel those who would 

 stay out to come into it. — Translated for the Popular Science 

 Monthly from the Revue des Deux Mondes. 



M. L. AzouLAY suggests, in the Revue Scientifique, that the invitation 

 given to Senor Eamon y Cajal, the celebrated Spanish neurologist, to 

 visit the United States and attend the celebration of the tenth anniver- 

 sary of Clark University, furnishes a good example for France to fol- 

 low. " It causes grievous chagrin to me to think," he says, " that while 

 Germany, England, Austria, Switzerland, and the United States are 

 regularly accustomed to invite to their scientific ceremonials, of which 

 there are more than one every year, students of other countries who 

 have illustrated any branch of human knowledge, France, formerly so 

 hospitable, refuses these international appeals." 



At the recent meeting of the British Archfeological Association, at 

 Buxton, Dr. Brushfield described the prehistoric circle of Arbor Low as, 

 upon evidence which he cited, the earliest neolithic monument in Britain. 

 There are thirty-two stones in the circle, all now lying prostrate, but they 

 must originally have been erect. The dolmen in the center is now level 

 with the ground. The mound and ditch — the latter being inside, between 

 the mound and the stone circle — are in a very perfect condition, notwith- 

 standing the lapse of time. The work has two openings — on the north- 

 east and southwest. 



