THE VARIETIES OF THE HUMAN SPECIES. 317 



round in section, on all other parts of the surface except the scalp, 

 scanty and late in appearing ; a skull of variable form, mostly meso- 

 cephalic (though extremes both of dolichocephaly and brachycephaly 

 are found in certain groups of this type) ; a broad and flat face, with 

 prominent anteriorly projecting malar bones (platyopic face) ; nose 

 small, mesorhine or leptarhine ; orbits high and round, with very little 

 development of glabella or supraciliary ridges ; eyes sunken, and with 

 the aperture between the lids narrow ; in the most typical members of 

 the group with a vertical fold of skin over the inner canthus, and with 

 the outer angle slightly elevated ; jaws mesognathous ; teeth of mod- 

 erate size (mesodont) ; the proportions of the limbs and form of the 

 pelvis have yet to be worked out, the results at present obtained show- 

 ing great diversity among different individuals of what appear to be 

 well-marked races of the group, but this is perhaps due to the insuffi- 

 cient number of individuals as yet examined with accuracy. 



The last type, which, for want of a better name, I still call by that 

 which has the priority, Caucasian, or " white," has usually a light-com- 

 plexioned skin (although in some, in so far aberrant cases, it is as dark 

 as in the negroes) ; hair fair or black, soft, straight, or wavy, in sec- 

 tion intermediate between the flattened and cylindrical form ; beard 

 fully developed ; form of cranium various, mostly mesocephalic ; ma- 

 lar bones retreating ; face narrow and projecting in the middle line 

 (pro-opic) ; orbits moderate ; nose narrow and prominent (leptorhine); 

 jaws orthognathous ; teeth small (microdont) ; pelvis broad (pelvic 

 index of male 80) ; fore-arm short, relatively to humerus (humero- 

 radial index 74). 



In endeavoring further to divide up into minor groups the numer- 

 ous and variously modified individuals which cluster around one or 

 other of these great types, a process quite necessary for many practical 

 or descriptive purposes, the distinctions afforded by the study of physi- 

 cal characters are often so slight that it becomes necessary to take 

 other considerations into account, among which geographical distribu- 

 tion and language hold an important place. 



I. The Ethiopian or Negroid races may be primarily divided as 

 follows : 



A. African or typical negroes — inhabitants of all the central por- 

 tion of the African Continent, from the Atlantic on the west to the 

 Indian Ocean on the east, greatly mixed all along their northern front- 

 ier with Hamitic and Semitic Melanochroi, a mixture which, taking 

 place in various j)roportions, and under varied conditions, has given 

 rise to many of the numerous races and tribes inhabiting the Soudan. 



A branch of the African negroes are the Bantu — distinguished 

 chiefly, if not entirely, by the structure of their language. Physically 

 indistinguishable from the other negroes where they come in contact 

 in the equatorial regions of Africa, the Southern Bantu, or Caffres, as 

 they are generally called, show a marked modification of type, being 



