324 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



III. The Caucasian, or white division, according to my view, in- 

 cludes the two groups called by Professor Huxley Xanthochroi and 

 Melanochroi, which, though differing in color of eyes and hair, agree 

 so closely in all other anatomical characters, as far, at all events, as 

 has at present been demonstrated, that it seems preferable to consider 

 them as modifications of one great type than as primary divisions of 

 the species. 



Whatever their origin, they are now intimately blended, though 

 in different proportions, throughout the whole of the region of the 

 earth they inhabit ; and it is to the rapid extension of both branches 

 of this race that the great changes now taking place in the ethnology 

 of the world are mainly due. 



A. The Xanthochroi, or blonde type, with fair hair, eyes, and com- 

 plexion, chiefly inhabit Northern Europe — Scandinavia, Scotland, and 

 North Germany — but, much mixed with the next group, they extend 

 as far as Northern Africa and Afghanistan. Their mixture with Mon- 

 goloid people in North Europe has given rise to the Lapps and Finns. 



B. Melanochroi, with black hair and eyes, and skin of almost all 

 shades from white to black. They comprise the great majority of the 

 inhabitants of Southern Europe, Northern Africa, and Southwest Asia, 

 and consist mainly of the Aryan, Semitic, and Hamitic families. The 

 Dravidians of India, and probably the Ainos of Japan, the Maoutze 

 of China, also belong to this race, which may have contributed some- 

 thing to the mixed character of some tribes of Indo-China and the 

 Polynesian Islands, and, as before said, given at least the characters of 

 the hair to the otherwise Negroid inhabitants of Australia. In South- 

 ern India they are probably mixed with a Negrito element, and in 

 Africa, where their habitat becomes conterminous with that of the 

 negroes, numerous cross-races have sprung up between them all along 

 the frontier line. The ancient Egyptians were nearly pure Melano- 

 chroi, though often showing in their features traces of their frequent 

 intermarriage with their Ethiopian neighbors to the south. The Copts 

 and fellahs of modern Egypt are their little-changed descendants. 



In offering this scheme of classification of the human species, I 

 have not thought it necessary to compare it in detail with the numer- 

 ous systems suggested by previous anthropologists. These will all be 

 found in the general treatises on the subject. As I have remarked 

 before, in its broad outlines it scarcely differs from that proposed by 

 Cuvier nearly sixty years ago, and that the result of the enormous in- 

 crease of our knowledge during that time having caused such little 

 change is the best testimony to its being a truthful representation of 

 the facts. Still, however, it can only be looked upon as an approxima- 

 tion. Whatever care be bestowed upon the arrangement of already 

 acquired details, whatever judgment be shown in their due subordina- 

 tion one to another, the acquisition of new knowledge may at any time 

 call for a complete or partial rearrangement of our system. 



