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THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



house possesses this feature on one or more of its sides — another row 

 of uprights starts in a line with the outer edge of the veranda. Unless 

 the veranda be very long, an upright at each end is sufficient to sup- 

 port the supplementary roof which shelters it. These uprights support 

 a cross-beam, upon which the slight rafters of the supplementary roof 

 rest. This cross-beam is often a straight unhewed stick of timber, 

 from which the bark has been removed. Indeed, most of the hori- 

 zontal framing-timbers, as well as the rafters, are usually unhewed — 

 the rafters often having the bark on, or perhaps being accurately 

 squared sticks ; but, in either case, they are always visible as they pro- 

 ject from the sides of the house, and run out to support the overhang- 

 ing eaves. The larger beams and girders are but slightly hewed ; and 

 it is not unusual to see irregular-shaped beams woi'ked into the con- 

 struction of a frame, often for their quaint effects (Fig. 4), and in 

 many cases as a matter of economy. 



For a narrow house, if the roof be a gable, a central upright at 

 each end of the building gives support to the ridge-pole from which 



Fio. 4.— Section or Framing. 



the rafters run to the eaves. If the building be wide, a transverse 

 beam traverses the end of the building on a level with the eaves, 

 supported at intervals by uprights from the ground ; and upon this 

 short uprights rest, supporting another transverse beam above, and 

 often three or more tiers are carried nearly to the ridge. Upon these 

 supports rest the horizontal beams which run parallel with the ridge- 

 pole, and which are intended to give support to the rafters (Fig. 5). 



In the case of a wide gable-roof there are many ways to support 

 the frame, one of which is illustrated in the following outline (Fig. 6). 

 Here a stout stick of timber runs from one end of the house to the 

 other on a vertical line with the ridge-pole, and on a level with the 

 eaves. This stick is always crowning, in order to give additional 

 strength. A few thick uprights start from this to support the ridge- 

 pole above ; from these uprights beams run to the eaves ; these are 

 mortised into the uprights, but at different levels on either side, in 



