658 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



value of his labor, and which contributes "wonderfully to our knowl- 

 edge of nature and the universe. 



Ever since man was capable of observing things around him, he 

 must often have seen that a straight stick thrust obliquely into the 

 water appeared to be bent at its surface. It was a long time be- 

 fore man learned the value of this fact ; but at length the lens was 

 discovered. The invention consisted simply in the form given to a 

 piece of glass ; in giving to one or both of the surfaces of a disk of 

 glass a curved form. This we know forms a lens, and a lens has be- 

 come one of the most valuable devices known to man, but it was a 

 long time after its invention before it became of much value. 



A thousand years elapsed after the invention of the lens before it 

 assumed an important place among the instruments employed by man. 

 But man learned its value at last. Lenses may be made of other ma- 

 terials than glass, but for all practical purposes they are made of glass, 

 and no other material will supply its place. 



I alluded to spectacles as a valuable invention. I have never seen 

 any attempt to estimate its value. I do not know that I ever heard 

 the inquiry made. And yet when we remember that nearly every 

 person above the age of forty-five, and very many below that age, use 

 glasses, we see that they must enter largely into the sum of our com- 

 forts. How many persons would be deprived of the pleasures and 

 benefits of reading and writing during a large portion of their lives 

 but for this simple invention ! How many kinds of labor would be 

 performed badly and with great discomfort but for these devices ! At 

 what disadvantage literary labor would be carried on without them ! 

 For how many delicate handicrafts would men and women become 

 unfitted in their later years but for them ! At what discomfort and 

 inconvenience would domestic needlework be performed in their ab- 

 sence ! How much trial of the patience is saved by their use I I doubt 

 jiot our tempers are much better in old age for these helps. 



But the value of the invention of the lens is not limited to its use 

 for spectacles. From it has grown up those wonderful modern instru- 

 ments, the telescope and microscope. Through the former has come 

 a large part of our astronomical knowledge, which has a great com- 

 mercial value from the security it gives to man in navigating the 

 oceans. It has also a high moral and mental value from the field it 

 opens to the exercise and training of the powers of observation and 

 imagination ; from the new conceptions it has given us of the immen- 

 sity of creation, and of the power which gave it birth. I wonder if 

 any man can rise from a contemplation of the facts, the mysteries, and 

 magnitudes of the universe, revealed to us by the telescope and spec- 

 troscope, without repeating to himself, with a new sense of its signifi- 

 cance, the question, " What is man that Thou art mindful of him, or 

 the son of man that Thou visitest him ? " 



But, while the lens thus opens up to man in the boundless regions 



