EXTERNAL FORM OF THE MAN-LIKE APES. 739 



at tlie base. This part of the nose, attached to the very projecting 

 forehead, has the effect of an altogether snout-like muzzle. It is inter- 

 sected by a central longitudinal furrow, which divides the whole tip 

 of the nose into two symmetrical halves. This furrow is more strongly 

 marked in the case of adult animals than in the young. The aperture 

 of the nostrils is large and triangular, with the cartilaginous point 

 turned upward, and the edges applied to the bridge of the nose and to 

 the cheeks have a somewhat retreating appearance. The lateral mar- 

 gins of this part of the nostril take an arched form, first diverging in 

 different directions, then gradually converging again toward the upper 

 lip. The lip is short, and this, combined with the large nose, gives a 

 certain resemblance to the mouth of an ox. This resemblance is the 

 more striking, as the whole of this region is covered with glandular 

 skin of a deep-black color, which is either glabrous or provided, with a 

 few scattered hairs, but furnished with small flattened warts. 



Below the eyes the cheeks are broad and very round, dwindling 

 away and becoming depressed in the lower part of the face. They 

 are seamed with curved wrinkles of varying depth, which tend down- 

 ward in the same direction as the wrinkles on the lower eyelids. The 

 short upper lip is provided with oblique folds which converge outward 

 in the center. The points of the strong canine teeth, which in many 

 individuals are from thirty-eight to forty millimetres long, and twenty 

 millimetres wide, diverge a little from each other, and stretch the 

 upper lip in an oblique direction, so that this part of the face takes 

 the form of a triangular, beveled surface, with its prominent base-line 

 between the canine teeth. It may also be observed that, in many in- 

 dividuals of this species, the nose is not very deeply set on the upper 

 lip ; that in others, again, the nose is decidedly raised, and the lip only 

 presents a small hem below the nose. In many such cases the prog- 

 nathism of the face is strongly marked, so as to give a baboon-like 

 effect. In other specimens, again, this debased type is not allied with 

 strongly marked prognathism. 



If we take a front view of the skull of an aged male gorilla we see 

 that the upper edges of the great supraorbital arches are beveled off 

 below and at the sides. This beveled form is repeated in the broad 

 cheek-bones, as we see them in front. The front view of the head, 

 and indeed of the whole animal, presents a strongly projecting con- 

 tour, an impression w^iich is strengthened by the puffed cheeks, with 

 their lateral pads of fat. The lower jaw, with its scarcely indicated 

 chin, retreats in the center and dwindles into a triangular form. This 

 contour is characteristic of the species. The whole skin of the face is 

 glossy, set with few hairs, and of a deep-black color. 



The ear (Fig. 2) averages sixty millimetres in length, and from 

 thirty-six to forty millimetres in width. It seems to be fastened to 

 the head by the back and upper part, is generally of an oval shape, 

 and furnished with a strongly marked helix. The helix varies in 



