EXTERNAL FORM OF THE MAN-LIKE APES. 741 



resembles a trapezium in form, of which the longer of the two parallel 

 sides extends between the shoulders, and the shorter between the two 

 halves of the pelvis. The longitudinal sides, which are not parallel, 

 correspond to the sides of the back. The arrangement of all the lower 

 part of the trunk, on which the bones of the pelvis stand out promi- 

 nently in an oblique direction, somewhat resembles a four-sided pyra- 

 mid with its apex reversed. The gluteal muscles are not strongly 

 developed. The tuberosity of the ischium projects in a somewhat 

 angular form. 



The thighs are covered with strong muscles, which appear to be 

 smoothed off on the inner side, and somewhat arched on the outside. 

 The lower part of the leg is also muscular, and its section is of a long- 

 oval form ; the region of the calf is more strongly developed than in 

 other anthropoids. The bones of the foot are not at all prominent, 

 and the same remark applies to those of the hand. The contour of the 

 back of the long, broad foot is flat ; the sole is convex, covered with 

 strong muscles, and padded with layers of fat. When the animal puts 

 the sole of the foot on the ground, its muscles go back to the region 

 of the heel, and forward into the inner side of the foot, thus presenting 

 the primitive formation of a heel. 



The great-toe, as in all apes, is detached like a thumb from the other 

 toes, and can be used as such. The metatarsus serves as a base for its 

 projection, in the same manner as the thumb starts from the fore part 

 of the contour of the wrist. The great-toe sometimes extends as far 

 as the joint between the first and second phalanges of the second toe, 

 sometimes nearly as far as the middle of the second phalanx. This 

 characteristic varies in different individuals. At the point of union of 

 the first metatarsal bone with the hinder extremity of the first phalanx 

 of the great-toe, there is a round projection on the inner side of the 

 foot. The great-toe is very broad at its root, then becomes smaller, 

 and widens again into a broad final phalanx. With its strong lateral 

 ridges of skin, which cover the sinews and cushions of fat, all this part of 

 the foot appears to be wide and flattened off from the back to the sole. 



The second, third, fourth, and fifth toes are more slender than the 

 great-toe. The second toe is in most cases rather shorter than the 

 third. The third and fourth toes are almost of the same length, and 

 only a little longer than the second toe.* The fifth toe is considerably 

 shorter than the fourth. The last phalanges of the toes taper in front, 

 and are furnished on their lower surface with long, laterally com- 

 pressed pads. The section of such a phalanx is almost trapezoidal, 

 with a long upper parallel side. The upper part of the foot, although 

 generally flat, rises a little in the neighborhood of the first metatarsal 

 bone, and slopes thence to its outer edge. 



The hair grows thickly on the back of the foot, as far as the ex- 



* Compare Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, table v ; also Hartmann, " Der Gorilla," p. 

 14, Anm 4. 



