THE EFFECTS OF PROTECTION. 19 



tariff taxes cost Kansas SlOO where they bring lier $1. Various 

 efforts made by Tennessee and other States to fetter interstate 

 exchange by taxation of drummers, etc., have already been made, 

 but have happily been nullified by the Supreme Court of the 

 United States. Nevertheless, if the idea becomes implanted that 

 this is the best policy, the true way to get rich, the will of the 

 people will in the end prevail. The legitimate and logical out- 

 come of protection is a dissolution of the Union, and the establish- 

 ment of fifty tariffs instead of one. Although I do not believe 

 that any such thing will happen, it is worth while to point it out 

 to those who, like Mr. McKinley, are logical and thorough-going 

 protectionists, and believe in the speedy and permanent triumph 

 of their idea. 



But this is not the American idea. It is not the idea of the 

 Declaration of Independence or of the Constitution. Our fathers 

 did not intend that Congress should have the power to create an 

 industrial aristocracy, that certain classes should be saddled on 

 the rest, and that American citizens should be deprived of the 

 manifest and inalienable right to exchange the fruits of their 

 labor wherever they saw fit. A more liberal spirit pervades that 

 document, and in an important case the Supreme Court, through 

 Justice Miller, has used language clearly implying that protec- 

 tion per se is unconstitutional.* 



Si'EAKiNG of the lessons that the last twenty years of its activity had given to 

 the Church, the Bishop of Lichfield said, in the opening address of the last English 

 Church Congress : " Twenty years ago we discussed in our Congress the relations 

 of the Bible and science. The discussion has gone on unceasingly, and is likely 

 to continue for a long time to come. But its character and conditions are chang- 

 ing. The time of loud assertion and angry controversy is passing. Timid minds 

 are still staggered by the discoveries of science, but they are beginning to remem- 

 ber that all truth is of God. The honest doubter is no longer regarded as a crimi- 

 nal, but as an invalid. It is even admitted that there may be a considerable 

 religious element in doubt." 



* Judge Story (sections 1077-1097 of his book on the Constitution) has lent the weight 

 of his name to the opposite view. But Judge Cooley says (" Principles of Constitutional 

 Law " ) : " Constitutionally, a tax can have no other basis than the raising of revenue for 

 public purposes, and whatever has not this basis is tyrannical and unlawful. A tax on 

 imports, therefore, the purpose of which is not to raise revenue, but to discourage and 

 indirectly prohibit some particular import for the sake of some manufacturer, may well be 

 questioned as merely colorable, and therefore not warranted by constitutional principles." 

 And in Citizens' Savings-Bank vs. Topcka, 20 Wall, 635, the court said : " There are limita- 

 tions" on all American legislatures " which rise out of the essential nature of all free gov- 

 ernment. Among these is the limitation of taxation that it can only be used in the aid of 

 a public object. It can not, therefore, be exercised in the aid of enterprises strictly private 

 for the benefit of individuals, though in a remote or collateral way the public may be bene- 

 fited thereby." It was decided in this case that it was illegal to tax Topeka to pay manu- 

 facturers to locate there. 



