PALEOLITHIC MAN IN AMERICA. 23 



long as compared with, that marking the transitory stages of 

 human development, and must give place to the still more precise 

 chronometer afforded by the brief and sharply defined climatal 

 episodes of later geologic time ; the human records of diverse 

 regions can only be correlated in terms of these brief episodes ; 

 and in ascertaining the relations of paleolithic man to the two 

 best known climatal episodes of the past, it is immaterial whether 

 these be called Tertiary or Quaternary. It is the special merit of 

 the graphic method that it exhibits quantitative relations (for 

 while verbal language is commonly qualitative, graphic language 

 is always quantitative) ; and in the present case it affords a means 

 of measuring the consistency of the evidence, and of instantly de- 

 tecting the inconsistent records, of human antiquity. 



There are several well-authenticated discoveries of human rel- 

 ics in this country in geologic deposits whose places may be fixed 

 in the graphic time-record forming Fig. 1. Aughey records two 

 chipped implements from the loess of the Missouri Valley, one of 

 them coming from immediately beneath an elephantine vertebra ; 

 Miss Babbitt has found great numbers of quartz-chips in a Cham- 

 plain terrace of the Mississippi at Little Falls, Minnesota, which 

 are regarded by many archaeologists as unquestionably artificial ; 

 N. H. Winchell records polished stone and copper implements as 

 well as human bones from the same aqueo-glacial terrace of the 

 Mississippi near Minneapolis ; Belt several years ago found a 

 fossilized human skull in what appears to be the westernmost ex- 

 tension of the loess in Colorado ; Gilbert has shown that the geo- 

 logic position of an ancient hearth found in excavating a well in 

 northern New York indicates that it was constructed during the 

 closing episodes of the last glacial epoch ; a few years since 

 McGee discovered a chipped obsidian implement imbedded in the 

 upper lacustral marls of western Nevada ; McAdams notes the 

 finding of a stone axe in loess seventy feet beneath the surface in 

 Illinois ; and among the most recent and satisfactory archseologic 

 discoveries of this country are those of two chipped implements 

 of black flint found in Ohio by Dr. C. G. Metz, at Madisonville 

 and Lovelands respectively, in deposits of loess and aqueo-glacial 

 gravel which G. F. Wright has shown to represent a closing episode 

 of the later glacial epoch. But it is in the aqueo-glacial gravels 

 of the Delaware River at Trenton, which were laid down contem- 

 poraneously with the terminal moraine one hundred miles farther 

 northward, and which have been so thoroughly studied by Ab- 

 bott, that the most conclusive proof of the existence of glacial 

 man is found ; and it is here, too, that the most satisfactory evi- 

 dence is obtained concerning the conditions by which paleolithic 

 man was surrounded. It is significant that in all these cases 



