172 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



interior evolution. There is a gradation in the arboreal life of 

 monkeys. The American monkeys and the semnopithecoids do 

 not leave their trees ; the magots frequently come to the ground, 

 and are only half tree-dwellers; while the macacus and cyno- 

 cephalus are ground-dwellers. It is not allowable for us to be- 

 lieve, in view of their perfect adaptation to life on trees, that the 

 magots, and, with stronger reason, the macacuses and cynoceph- 

 aluses, correspond to an effort in a new direction — a direction by 

 continuing in which we could conceive that they might eventu- 

 ally raise themselves again to an intermittent oblique attitude, 

 and thus favor new adaptations. 



Gratiolet, at a time when he could hardly dream of the doctrine 

 of evolution, from which, moreover, his religious sentiments re- 

 moved him, conceived the idea of parallel series among the monk- 

 eys of our continent, leading, for example, from the semnopithe- 

 cus, peculiar to Southern Asia and the neighboring islands, to the 

 gibbon and the orang in the same region ; from the macacus and 

 magot to the chimpanzee ; and from the cynocephalus to the 

 gorilla. Without suspecting it, Gratiolet was preparing for the 

 doctrine of the derivation of man from the monkey, and was as- 

 sociating himself with the polygenist ideas then in favor in the 

 anti-orthodox school. 



This leads us to our last genealogical stage — the passage from 

 the monkey to man. I begin by describing the principal opinions 

 on the subject that have been in vogue or that may be sustained. 

 In the theory of M. Haeckel, who is monogenist for man as he is 

 monophyllitic for the other branches of his genealogical tree, 

 the tailless monkeys of the Old Continent constitute the nine- 

 teenth stage from the monera. They are divided into four 

 branches, the fourth of which is that of the anthropoids; and 

 this is separated into African and Asiatic branches, the latter of 

 which is divided in turn into three ; the third of which gives the 

 Pithecanthropus, or man-ape, which has already a vertical posi- 

 tion, but is without speech. It is his twenty-first stage, the an- 

 thropopithecus of M. de Mortillet, from which living man, the 

 twenty-second and last stage of M. Haeckel, is derived by two 

 branches — one for the woolly-haired negroes, and the other for 

 the straight-haired races, of which the Australian was the proto- 

 type. The place where man was thus originated by the acquisi- 

 tion of articulate language is fixed on M. Haeckel's map to the 

 southwest of India, where the hypothetical lemurian continent 

 may have been. The spot is marked Paradise, and is the point of 

 departure whence men have scattered in every direction — some 

 west to Africa, others east to Australasia and Melanesia, others 

 north to Europe and Asia, and thence by Bering Strait to 

 America. 



