THE LAST STAGES IN THE GENEALOGY OF MAN. 173 



Mr. Huxley does not express his opinion on the immediate 

 descent of man in any of his writings that I have read. He leaves 

 the reader to infer the consequences of the discussions into which 

 he enters, and these lead to an origin at the expense of the an- 

 thropoids. 



Prof. Gaudry is also very reserved, but lets his opinion appear, 

 while he does not give it distinct form. In his scheme the series 

 rises, marsupials, ungulates, lemurs, and catarrhinians forming 

 a single group; anthropoids; and man. The anthropoid desig- 

 nated by him is the dryopithecus, of which he says : " The dryo- 

 pithecus was a monkey of a very high character, and approached 

 man in many particulars ; it was of nearly the same size ; in its 

 dentition may be recognized characteristics of the teeth of the 

 Australian" ("Fossiles primaires," p. 236), Further on he adds: 

 " If, then, it should be shown that the flints of the Beauce chalk 

 collected at Thenay by the Abb4 Bourgeois have been cut, the 

 most natural suggestion to my mind would be that they were cut 

 by the dryopithecus" (page 241); " unfortunately, we possess of 

 this dryopithecus only a lower jaw and a humerus." 



Prof. Cope has an opinion, peculiar to him, that man is not 

 descended from the monkeys, anthropoid or other, but directly 

 from the lemurs. His condylarthra, the stock of nearly all the 

 mammalian orders, give rise especially to a branch which is 

 divided into three, one being represented chiefly by the genus 

 Anaptomorphus, and separating in turn into two branches, one of 

 which engenders the monkeys and anthropoids, and the other 

 leads directly to man. His principal reasons for this view, which 

 follow, show on how little our genealogies sometimes rest. Man 

 has, as a general rule, four tubercles or cuspids in his upper 

 molars. The monkeys and anthropoids have usually five tuber- 

 cles. The recent lemurs, the fossil Necrolemur, and the Anap- 

 tomorphus, have generally three tubercles. Now we sometimes 

 observe three tubercles in man. Prof. Cope has drawn up a long 

 list of the degrees of frequency of this form among the races. 

 The reversion is one that works toward the lemurs, and not 

 toward the monkeys and anthropoids. 



M. Vogt's present opinion is radically different ; but the learned 

 professor at Geneva having at different times had nearly opposite 

 opinions, and having played a considerable part in the question, 

 we shall dwell longer with him. His first view was expressed in 

 1863-'64, before Darwin had formally applied to man his doctrine 

 of derivation by selection, and before M. Haeckel had in 18G7-'68 

 for the first time fully explained his genealogical tree. His second 

 opinion is known to me through his magnificent book on the 

 mammalia, which appeared in France in 1883. 



In his first view, the author having exhibited the resemblances 



