210 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



liades, the second enters the coffin, and is laid in the grave, but 

 is not satisfied with its dismal abode; while the third lingers 

 around its old home, and with the second soul receives the wor- 

 ship of its posterity.* The Hindoos designate between Bralimdt- 

 mah, the breath of God, and jivdtmah, the breath of life.f The 

 Khonds of Orissa have a fourfold division of the soul, the first 

 soul being absorbed by the Boora, or deity, the second is reborn 

 into succeeding generations, the third goes out in dreams, and the 

 fourth dies with the body. J 



Plato located in the human body three souls, the rational and 

 immortal soul occupying the head, the lower souls occupying 

 respectively the region near the heart and the abdominal region 

 below the diaphram, the latter subject to and connected with the 

 higher by being fastened to the spinal marrow or cord. Of these 

 lower souls, the thoracic was the seat of energy and anger, while 

 to the abdominal soul belonged the appetites, the desires, and the 

 greed of gain.* Aristotle divided the soul into the vegetative, the 

 perceptive, the locomotive, the impulsive, and the noetic, all but 

 the latter being shared with animals, while the nous was divine, 

 perhaps pre-existent and imperishable. || Among the Romans the 

 question of the plural soul is open to discussion. Ovid says: 

 "The shades flit round the tomb; the underworld receives the 

 image ; the spirit seeks the stars " {Tumulum circumvolat umhra; 

 orcus Jiabet manes ; spiritus astra petit). In his "Tristia"'^ he 

 complains that, while his immortal spirit soars aloft into the 

 vacant air, his shade will be wandering amid Sarmatian ghosts. 

 Hardonin ^ says that the Romans made a distinction between the 

 souls of the dead and their shades, umhrcB. The former were sup- 

 posed to remain on earth, while the latter were removed either to 

 Elysium or Tartarus, according to the character or actions of the 

 deceased. That the idea of a triple soul lingered in England we 

 know from Sir Toby Belch, in Shakespeare's " Twelfth Night," 

 asking, " Shall we rouse the night-owl with a catch that will draw 

 three souls out of one weaver ? " Nares | says that the peripatetic 

 philosophy, which governed the schools in the time of the old 

 English dramatists, assigned to every man three souls— the vege- 

 tative, the animal, and the rational. In his quaint " Letters," I 

 Howell tells us that the embryon is animated with three souls : 



* Du Bose, " Dragou, Image, and Demon," p. 81 ; 'Williams, " The Middle Kingdom," 

 vol. ii, p. 243. 



f Farrar, loc. cit. \ McPherson, " India," p. 91. 



» Plato, "Timaeus"; Grote's "Plato," vol. iii, p. 271, 2*72; Bain, "Senses and Intel- 

 lect," p. 613. 



II Cf. " Be Gen. et Cor.," vol. ii, p. 3 ; " Be Anima," vol. iii, p. 5. 



^ Vol. iii, p. 3. Plinj) " Natural History," vol. vii, p. 57, note. 



% "Glossary," vol. ii, p. 817. X ^-i '^^^' •"> P- ^^- 



