LITERARY NOTICES. 



567 



Okubo ; aud " Some New Cases of the Occur- 

 rence of Bothrioccphalus liguloidcs, Lt.," by 

 Isao Ijima, Pli. D., and Kentaro Miirata. 

 Five plates illustrate these papers. Part III 

 is wholly occupied by an account of " A 

 Magnetic Survey of all Japan," carried out, 

 by order of the President of the Imperial 

 University, by Prof. Cargill G. Knott, D. Sc, 

 and Asst. Prof. Aikitsu Tanakadate. The 

 paper is accompanied by maps showing lines 

 of equal magnetic dip, of equal magnetic hori- 

 zontal force, of equal magnetic total force, 

 and of equal magnetic declination ; also 

 charts of diurnal variation of declination, 

 and two plates representing instruments. 



Ch-eat- Circle Sailing, by the late Richard 

 A. Proc/o?" (Longmans, 35 cents), is a pam- 

 phlet "indicating the shortest sea-routes and 

 describing maps for finding them in a few 

 seconds." The routes may be found by the 

 aid of one chart and a few lines of direc- 

 tions, but two charts are more convenient, 

 and a dozen pages of explanation and illus- 

 tration are given in addition. To meet the 

 difficulty that the true great-circle course 

 would often carry a ship into inconveniently 

 high latitudes, the author gives Mr. Towson's 

 method of composite sailing, which consists 

 in taking a great-circle course to touch the 

 highest latitude deemed safe, then following 

 this parallel to a second great-circle course 

 which passes through the port of arrival. 

 Charts for this mode of sailing, eighteen 

 inches in diameter, reductions of which are 

 given in the pamphlet, may be obtained of 

 the publishers. 



We have received from Messrs. Thomas 

 Prosser & Son, New York, A Sketch of Al- 

 fred Krujyp, by K. W. and 0. E. Michaelis, 

 to which is added A Visit to the Krupp 

 Works at Eascn, from the French of Captain 

 E. Jllonthat/c. The sketch makes prominent 

 the sturdy character of the man in forcing 

 his way to success over enormous obstacles. 

 A portrait of Krupp and views of his works 

 are given. 



One of the most effective contributions 

 to the literature of tariff reform which has 

 been made during the past year of active 

 discussion is the pamphlet on Relation of the 

 Tariff to Wages, by Hon. David A. Weds, in 

 the "Questions of the Day Series" (Putnam, 

 25 cents). Taking as a text a statement by 



Mr. Claine about " the condition and recom- 

 pense of labor in Europe," Mr. Wells pro- 

 ceeds to show in catechetic form that the 

 protectionists who try to work the "pauper- 

 labor " scare " cither mean to deceive, or do 

 not know what they are talking about." 

 The scheme of his argument is, first, that 

 the position of labor is more favorable in 

 the United States than in Europe because of 

 the exemption from enormous military and 

 tax burdens, the abundance of fertile land 

 and of means of communication and trans- 

 portation, the diversity of soil and climate, 

 and the intelligence and energy of the labor- 

 ers in this country ; secondly, that, in pro- 

 portion to the work done, American laborers 

 do not receive more wages than European ; 

 next, that restrictions of markets restrict 

 the opportunities for labor ; then, that 

 wages have not been reduced heretofore by 

 reductions in tariff rates ; that only five or 

 ten per cent of the bread-winners of the 

 country are engaged in producing protected 

 articles ; and, finally, that our present tariff 

 policy is certain to reduce wages. The sub- 

 ject is presented in the clear and vigorous 

 style which marks all of Mr. Wells's eco- 

 nomic writings. 



The very readable character of the 

 pamphlet by Henry J. PJiilpoit, in the " Ques- 

 tions of the Day Series," makes its title, 

 Tariff Chats (Putnam, 25 cents), a remarka- 

 bly fit one. The author points out that the 

 tariff is a tax, and that it favors trusts. He 

 gives figures to show how much it raises the 

 prices of certain woolen, cotton, and iron 

 manufactures, and charges with supreme 

 selfishness the few who are benefited by the 

 tariff at the expense of the many. In a 

 striking table he shows that our wealth, 

 manufactures, wages, and various other in- 

 terests, advanced far more from 1850 to 

 1860, under a low tariff, than from 1860 to 

 18*70, or IB'ZO to 1880, under a high tariff. 

 That the high tariff is not for the farmer's 

 interest is shown by the much lower prices 

 obtained for corn and wheat now than be- 

 fore 1 860 ; and that the wages of the labor- 

 ers in protected manufactures are governed 

 by something else than the tariff is shown 

 by the very different wages paid in different 

 States of the Union all under the same tariff. 



Sharing the Profits, a pamphlet, by Mary 

 W. Calkins (Ginn), is a very interesting 



