THE DERIVATIVE ORIGIN OF THE HUMAN MIND. 795 



prima facie case in favor of the view that there has been no inter- 

 ruption of the developmental process in the course of psychologi- 

 cal history ; but that the mind of man, like the mind of animals — 

 and, indeed, like everything else in the domain of living nature — 

 has been evolved. For these considerations show, not only that 

 on analogical grounds any such interruption must be held as in 

 itself improbable ; but also that there is nothing in the constitu- 

 tion of the human mind incompatible with the supposition of its 

 having been slowly evolved, seeing that not only in the case of 

 every individual life, but also during the whole history of our 

 species, the human mind actually does undergo, and has under- 

 gone, the process in question. 



In order to overturn so immense a presumption as is thus 

 erected on a priori grounds, the psychologist must fairly be 

 called upon to supply some very powerful considerations of an 

 a posteriori kind, tending to show that there is something in the 

 constitution of the human mind which renders it virtually impos- 

 sible — or at all events exceedingly difficult to imagine — that it 

 can have proceeded by way of genetic descent from mind of lower 

 orders. I shall therefore proceed to consider, as carefully and as 

 impartially as I can, the arguments which have been adduced in 

 support of this thesis. 



In the introductory chapter of my previous work * I observed 

 that the question whether or not human intelligence has been 

 evolved from animal intelligence can only be dealt with scientifi- 

 cally by comparing the one with the other, in order to ascertain 

 the points wherein they agree and the points wherein they differ. 

 I shall, therefore, here begin by briefly stating the points of agree- 

 ment, and then proceed more carefully to consider all the more 

 important views which have hitherto been pro]30unded concern- 

 ing the points of difference. 



If we have regard to emotions as these occur in the brute, we 

 can not fail to be struck by the broad fact that the area of psy- 

 chology which they cover is so nearly coextensive with that 

 which is covered by the emotional faculties of man. In my pre- 

 vious works I have given what I consider unquestionable evidence 

 of all the following emotions, which I here name in the order of 

 their appearance through the psychological scale — fear, surprise, 

 affection, pugnacity, curiosity, jealousy, anger, play, sympathy, 

 emulation, pride, resentment, emotion of the beautiful, grief, hate, 

 cruelty, benevolence, revenge, rage, shame, regret, deceitfulness, 

 emotion of the ludicrous, f 



Now, this list exhausts all the human emotions, with the excep- 

 tion of those which refer to religion, moral sense, and perception 



* " Mental Evolution in Animals." 



f Sec "Mental Evolution in Animals," chapter on the Emotions. 



