THE DERIVATIVE ORIGIN OF THE HUMAN MIND. 797 



blance between animal and human psycliology. So far, therefore, 

 as we are now concerned with the will, we have only to note that 

 up to the point where the volitions of a man begin to surpass those 

 of a brute in respect of complexity, refinement, and foresight, no 

 one disputes identity of kind. 



Lastly, the same remark applies to the faculties of intellect.* 

 Enormous as the difference undoubtedly is between these faculties 

 in the two cases, the difference is conceded not to be one of kind 

 ab initio. On the contrary, it is conceded that up to a certain 

 point— namely, as far as the highest degree of intelligence to which 

 an animal attains— there is not merely a similarity of kind but an 

 identity of correspondence. In other words, the parallel between 

 animal and human intelligence which is presented in the diagram 

 is not disputed. The question, therefore, only arises with reference 

 to those superadded faculties which are represented above the 

 level marked twenty-eight, where the upward growth of animal 

 intelligence ends, and the growth of distinctively human intelli- 

 gence begins. But even at level twenty-eight the human mind is 

 already in possession of many of its most useful faculties, and 

 these it does not afterward shed, but carries them upward with it 

 in the course of its further development — as we well know by ob- 

 serving the psychogenesis of every child. Now, it belongs to the 

 very essence of evolution, considered as a process, that when one 

 order of existence passes on to higher grades of excellence, it does 

 so upon the foundation already laid by the previous course of its 

 progress ; so that when compared with any allied order of exist- 

 ence which has not been carried so far in this upward course, a 

 more or less close parallel admits of being traced between the 

 two, up to the point at which the one begins to distance the other, 

 where all further comparison admittedly ends. Therefore, upon 

 the face of them, the facts of comparative psychology now before 

 us are, to say the least, strongly suggestive of the superadded 

 powers of the human intellect having been due to a process of 

 evolution. 



Lest it should be thought that in this preliminary sketch of 

 the resemblances between human and brute psychology I have 

 been endeavoring to draw the lines with a biased hand, I will here 

 quote a short passage to show that I have not misrepresented the 

 extent to which agreement prevails among adherents of otherwise 



* Of course, my opponents will not allow that this word can be properly applied to the 

 psychology of any brute. But I am not now using it in a qucstion-be.:;ging sense : I am 

 using it only to avoid the otherwise necessary expedient of coining a new term. Whatever 

 view we may take as to the relations between human and animal psychology, we must in 

 some way distinguish between the different ingredients of each, and so between the instinct, 

 the emotion, and the intelligence of an animal. (See " Mental Evolution in Animals," p. 

 335 d seq.) 



