NEW CHAPTERS IN THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE. 603 



In 1856 Father Debreyne congratulated the theologians of France 

 on their admirable attitude : " instinctively," he says, they still in- 

 sist upon deriving the fossils from Noah's Flood.* In 1875 the Abb6 

 Choyer published at Paris and Angers a text-book widely approved 

 by church authorities, in which he took similar ground ; and in 1877 

 the Jesuit father, Bosizio, published at Mayence a treatise on geology 

 and the Deluge, endeavoring to hold the world to the old solution of 

 the problem, allowing, indeed, that the " days " of creation were long 

 periods, but making atonement for this concession by sneers at 

 Darwin.f 



In the Russo-Greek Church, in 1869, Archbishop Macarius, of 

 Lithuania, urged the necessity of believing that Creation in six days of 

 ordinary time and the Deluge of Noah are the only causes of all that 

 geology seeks to explain ; and, as late as 1876, another eminent theolo- 

 gian of the same church went even farther, and refused to allow the 

 faithful to believe that any change had taken place since "the begin- 

 ning" mentioned in Genesis, when the strata of the earth were laid, 

 tilted, and twisted, and the fossils scattered among them by the hand 

 of the Almighty during six ordinary days. J 



In the Lutheran branch of the Protestant Church we also find some 

 echoes of the old belief. Keil, eminent in scriptural interpretation at 

 the University of Dorpat, gave forth in 1860 a treatise insisting that 

 geology is rendered futile and its explanations vain by two great facts 

 — the Curse which drove Adam and Eve out of Eden, and the Flood 

 that destroyed all living things save Noah, his family, and the animals 

 in the ark. In 1867, Phillippi, and in 1869, Diedrich, both theologians 

 of eminence, took virtually the same ground in Germany, the latter 

 attempting to beat back the scientific hosts with a phrase apparently 

 pithy, but really hollow — the declaration that "modern geology ob- 

 serves what is, but has no right to judge concerning the beginning of 

 things." As late as 1876, Zugler took a similar view, and a multitude 

 of lesser lights, through pulpit and press, brought these anti-scientific 

 doctrines to bear upon the people at large — the only effect being to 

 deaden the intellects of the peasantry in general and to arouse grave 

 doubts regarding Christianity among the more thoughtful young men, 

 who naturally distrusted a cause using such weapons.* 



The results of this policy, both in Roman Catholic and in Protestant 

 countries, are not far to seek. What the condition of thought is 

 among the middle classes of France and Italy needs not to be stated 

 here. In Germany, as a typical fact, it may be mentioned that there 

 was in the year 1881 church accommodation in the city of Berlin for 



* See Zockler, vol. ii, p. 4*72. 



f See Zockler, vol. ii, p. 478, and Bosizio, " Geologie unci die Siindflutb," Mayence, 

 18'77, preface, p. xiv. 



X See Zockler, vol. ii, pp. 472, 571. 



* See citations in Zockler, Reuscb, and Sliields. 



