222 NATURE-STUDY REVIEW [13:6— Sept., 1917 



We cannot eradicate cruelty by punishment or repression; but 

 we may crowd it out of the child's character, by putting in its place 

 little by little the humane and tender sentiments which inevitably 

 follow a knowledge of the life and habits of even the lowest creature. 



I FIFTY COMMON BUTTERFLIES 



In the following descriptions the measurement of the butterfly is 

 made across the spread w^ngs from tip to tip ; unfortunately, it was 

 not practicable to have the pictures of all the butterflies natural 

 size. It must be borne in mind that individual butterflies of the 

 same species may vary in size somewhat. When the size of the 

 caterpillar is given it means the fully grown larva just before it 

 changes to a pupa. 



THE SWALLOWTAILS 



These are large handsome butterflies and get their name because 

 of the prolongation of the hind wings in a manner suggesting the 

 tail-feathers of a swallow. The caterpillars have a pair of scent 

 organs just back of the head, which they can thrust out at will. 

 These are supposed to protect them from the attacks of birds by 

 rendering them disagreeable to smell and probably to taste. 



The Tiger Swallowtail 

 Expanse, three and one-half to four inches. Colors pale 

 straw-yellow marked with black. On the hind wing 

 near the inner angle are blue and red spots. 



