12 Annals of the South African Museum. 



from the old Quaternary or Pleistocene to the actual Quaternary 

 or Holocene. 



During the age of the hippopotamus or the elephant {E . antiquus) , 

 Chellean man's only relics are stone implements — feehle weapons, 

 after all, against the redoubtable foes he has to encounter. 



But from sheer necessity growing wants lead to the invention of 

 more complicated implements or tools, and during the Eeindeer 

 period these forms were multiplying in adaptation for special 

 purposes. 



Slender, even delicate, tools of ivory, bone, horn occur side by 

 side with stone implements of different shapes, possibly pre-Solutrian. 

 Flint lance-heads admirably worked on each side, arrow-heads with 

 peduncles, or " tangs," exhibiting a wonderful progress in " hand- 

 knapping," are found together with simple, or barbed darts, 

 arrow-heads, some simple, some notched, and others triangularly 

 incised at the base; bodkins, &c., made of ivory or bone are 

 common. 



It is at that time that the sense of what we call " art " appears to 

 awake in the mind of this cave-dweller, or Troglodyte, and he gives 

 expression to it in the shape of sculpture or painting, petroglyphs 

 and glyptics, some of which are admirably preserved to this day, 

 and treated in a manner that throws our so-called Bushman 

 paintings completely into the shade. 



Yet this man's predecessor, the late Mousterian, is dolichocephalic 

 with an index of 75, and a breadth height of 62-5, that is to say 

 with measurements corresponding with a lower stage than those of 

 any existing race. The height is moderate, !"■ 60 ; he has large 

 orbits, " the superciliary ridge forms a kind of vizor above them" ; 

 the jaw is powerful ; there is a total absence of chin, &c." ■'• 



However primitive this middle pleistocene man may seem if his 

 physical characters only are taken into consideration, yet he buries 

 his dead with care. Of the skeleton found in the classic grotto of 

 " Le Moustier," it is said : " The posture is that of repose with the 

 face turned to the right, the right arm is under the head which 

 is surrounded by flint flakes. Beside the skeleton were found, in 

 addition to the flint implements of the Mousterian type, some 

 of the x\cheulean, among them a splendidly worked " hand- 

 wedge." i 



A human jaw has been also lately discovered to which an older 



* Haddon, A. C, " Paleolithic Man," Nature, 1909. July 'iOth. 

 t Boule, M., " L'homme fossile de la Chapelle aux Saints," L'Anthropologie, 

 1908, p. 519. 



