•M Annals of the Soutli African Museum. 



B. simus, B. bicornis, or B. keitloa. No such niceties in identifica- 

 tion for him. He either defends himself against them, or uses his 

 growing cunning in mastering them, especially the formidable cavern 

 bear Ursus spelceus, which he has not met before. He finds no longer 

 the numerous antelopes of his acquaintance it is true, but Bos bison has 

 the same attraction for him who has slain Buhalus baini or B. anti- 

 qtius. It is quite possible that he has not known these denizens of 

 an intensely cold climate, the woolly rhinoceros, the mammoth, the 

 reindeer. He would follow the animals which he knew, beasts driven 

 back by cold to receding warmer climes — to climes where, as in 

 South Africa, the total absence of traces of pleistocene ice-age clearly 

 proves that there did not exist at the time the increasing rigour of 

 the elements that has come to prevail in the country whence he 

 retreats, either follov/ing the migration of the game on which lie 

 subsists or migrating to where it is found still. 



And if he is not of African origin, if he is of the Neanderthal- 

 Chapelle race, but, unlike the latter, has not been able to ac- 

 commodate himself to the new climatic conditions, then in his 

 retreat southw^ard, and especially to the African continent, he 

 probably accompanies or comes across there most of his old ac- 

 quaintances ; if not all, many of them, i.e., the hippopotamus, the 

 elephant, the hyaenas. He finds himself among antelopes which 

 he did not know, but horses which he knew. The hyaenas follow 

 him, for is he not providing crumbs for them ? He continues 

 the application of methods which he has perfected elsewhere. In 

 his emigration southwards, where he no longer finds the flint nodule 

 so easily worked into implements, he resorts to any stone hard 

 enough to ensure its object ; hence the use of quartzite, hence also 

 the discrepancy in technique, more apparent than real, since ulti- 

 mately the " knapping " becomes as perfect as that of the best flint. 

 But the primary use for which the new material implements are 

 made is the same. They are intended to be used as picks or spades 

 for digging trenches, cleavers to cut stakes or palisades, and, as will 

 be seen in the next chapter, the manufacture of other tools for 

 domestic use here accompanies or follows that of the bouchers, if 

 it has not preceded it. 



