44 Anncds of the Soutli African Musewni. 



can deny who looks at the representations of some of them given in 

 PI. XII. Figs. 97 to 100 are particularly instructive. 



There can he no douht, also, that from their appearance and 

 situation many of these tools, flakers, scrapers, or knives, are to be 

 considered as old as some of the bouchers. 



A fragment of scraper absolutely similar to, and of the same 

 composition as, the Cuts in Fig. 104, was found embedded in a 

 raised beach situated some 3 miles, as the crow flies, from the 

 present sea-coast. It is identical with the large flakes found 

 together with large bouchers at, or close to. Cape St. Blaize — a 

 locality not far removed from the raised beach alluded to. 



A point of importance is that none of these knives or scrapers that 

 from their position might be considered ancient, moderately ancient, 

 or very ancient, exhibits traces of paring on the reverse side, and in 

 that respect these flakes are doubtless Mousterian in shape. But 

 the question naturally arises : why did these flakes not follow here, 

 and also elsewhere, the same evolution in technique as the bi-facial 

 bouchers with which many are in South Africa undoubtedly con- 

 temporaneous, and produced by the same artisans ? 



Being coeval with the boucher, it seems natural that the paring of 

 either face of the flake or spall into a lance- or javelin-head, or a 

 band-throwing spear, should have of necessity followed, as it has 

 elsewhere, but such has not been the case either in the South 

 African palaeolithic type or in the neolithic. 



It is therefore almost certain that the South African maker of 

 paUeolithic stone implements, as well as the aboriginal who fabri- 

 cated the neolithic, were ignorant, with a few exceptions to be 

 mentioned hereafter, of the method of stone lance-head manufacture, 

 the use of which weapon would in itself denote great bravery. But 

 the neolithic maker, unlike the Magdalenian hunter with whose 

 culture his has so many analogous points, is well acquainted with 

 the bow, and arrow tipped with very small chips, the minuteness of 

 which implies of necessity the use of poison. Craft versus brute 

 strength. 



The failure of the evolution of the flake into a lance-head pared 

 on each side in the Solutrian sty e may, however, be explained by 

 the process of trimming the pebble. This trimming of a boulder in 

 most cases already naturally rounded, into a more or less amygda- 

 loidal shape, is the natural result of artificial concussion or impact, 

 as I have endeavoured to show in Chapter III., and the boucher is 

 therefore older in date than the flake. 



But in many instances it is impossible to assert that a scraper-knife 



