The Stone Ages of South Africa. 45 



is more ancient than another, or belongs to a different type ; and as 

 indications of its age, we can only be guided by the site or position 

 in which it is met with — indications which are far from being 

 conclusive evidence. 



I have endeavoured to figure all the types in our Collection. 

 Illustrations of implements of that kind give a better idea than 

 descriptions. 



All the figures of PI. XII. I consider to belong to the palaeo- 

 lithic type. Many of them were found where bouchers occur. I 

 have explained their shape in a former chapter. In PI. XIII. all 

 the Cuts of Fig. 104 may be said to be also of a very old type, but 

 with the exception of Cuts 7 and 12 they were not found in collec- 

 tion with bouchers, although these palaeoliths occur in the same 

 district. Cuts 1, 2, 5, and 8 are from cave-shelters on the littoral. 

 Cut 6, also from Knysna, has been hacked into a sawing tool. It 

 bears at the base a dent that looks like a notch — a rare occurrence 

 which, however, must be looked upon as accidental. Cuts 7 and 8 

 have traces of a similar one, and so has Fig. 101 of PI. XII., in 

 which the dent is not well shown. 



The Cuts of Fig. 105, PL XIII., represent scrapers found together 

 with the bouchers in the Nooitgedacht deposit of the Yaal Eiver. 

 As much worn and polished as the large palaeoliths not only of that 

 particular deposit, but also of others found on the surface (PI. IX., 

 Figs. 57 to 61), then- shape is indistinguishable from that of Figs. 106, 

 107, PI. XIII., found in the Karroo and the Cape Flats respectively, 

 and which may be said to be of yesterday's date. Cut 3 of Fig. 105 

 and Fig. 108 are, however, somewhat out of the common, because 

 the base seems to have been trimmed into a wedge-like shape, as if 

 they were intended for tipping a lance, but on close observation 

 it will be noticed that in Cut 3 the thinned reduced part is too 

 short to allow of hafting, but Cut 1 of Fig. 108 could have been 

 hafted. 



We find also among relics of that old type a few, very few, tools 

 with a peduncle. This "tang" was intentionally produced, doubt- 

 less, in Cut 2 of Fig. 108, which, Kke Cut 3 of Fig. 105 and Fig. 108, 

 is from the Kimberley District, Cape Colony. Doubt is permissible 

 for Cuts 1 and 2 of Fig. 109, both from the Vereeniging deposit. 



But from a neolithic situation we have Figs. 125 from Queen's 

 Town, Cape Colony, in which the " tang " is undoubtedly inten- 

 tionally produced, and Mr. Cottell found at Cradock two examples 

 with a somewhat similar peduncle, of which he sent me a sketch. 

 These were subsequently figured by Mr. J, P. Johnson. 



