Tlic Stone Ages of South Africa. 61 



of which they are made ; but many bouchers are exquisitely 

 finished. 



The diggers, or cleavers, are most effective implements, cf. PI. V., 

 and Figs. 48 and 49 of PI. "VII., but they are very seldom found on 

 the surface, and are met together with by-products, chips, and 

 flakes, when opening or cleaning wells or springs that have become 

 obstructed, or have disappeared altogether owing to the deposition 

 of carbonate of lime. 



Some of the implements in the Collection have been encountered 

 at a depth varying from 18 to 20 feet. At the springs that supply 

 Griqua Town with w^ater these banded jasper implements were found 

 in great quantity. These finds, made while cleaning water-holes, are 

 extremely common, and have given rise to the belief there that when- 

 ever Bushmen had, for fear of attack or for other motives, to abandon 

 the springs round w^hich they lived, they would throw all their 

 domestic appliances into the water-holes and obliterate the latter. 



It was at one time thought that the jasper implements were 

 restricted to Griqualand West and the Prieska Districts of the Cape 

 Colony, until a very interesting discovery was made in the banks 

 and on a drift of the Tyumi Eiver, near Lovedale, in the Alice 

 District of Cape Colony. I have seen twenty-eight pieces discovered 

 by Mr. A. Johns, some of which he has presented to us. Among 

 them are many beautifully worked Acheulean-type boucbers, some of 

 which are reproduced on PI. IX., Figs. 77, 78, and 86, and lanceolate 

 flakes pared on one side only. There are also a few flaking hammers 

 (Fig. 88, PI. XL). These implements are made of brown and yellow^ 

 jasper ; parts of the faces that have been exposed exhibit the beautiful 

 glaze peculiar to this sub-type, while others are quite lustreless. 

 With them are three scrapers of black lydianite, and a large and 

 somewhat thin boucher of a rough type that might have served as 

 a broad-edged cleaver. This boucher was made of a local rock. 



The finish of the bouchers, and of some of the lanciform knives or 

 scrapers which retain, however, the strong conchoidal bulging of the 

 reverse side, point to a great development in the lithic industry 

 This find also adds another proof that bouchers and scraper-knives 

 were produced simultaneously and by the same makers. 



An interesting point in the Tyumi Eiver discovery is that the 

 jasper rock is not as yet known to occur in this locality. The 

 first suggestion, that the material already manufactured has been 

 transported a distance of 300 miles from Prieska (Cape Colony) by 

 the nomadic makers, had to be abandoned when chips and small 

 fragments w^ere found in some pieces of conglomerate adhering to 



