The Stone Ages of South Africa. 139 



as well as the scrapers of Fig. 141, and most of the crescent pygmies 

 in Fig. 143. 



With the stone implements and the fragments, more or less 

 worked, of ostrich shells there were discovered a few brass buttons ; 

 clay pipes, evidently of early Dutch manufacture, with the stem 

 broken off close to the bowl ; several lead musket-bullets, together 

 with undecorated potsherds of native manufacture ; also querns, and 

 smithies with iron ore and stone hammers ■'■ — ! kwes split into two, 

 &c., showing tliat the dwellers, or the later dwellers, were acquainted 

 with the use of iron, but had still retained the stone for certain 

 purposes. These sand-dunes of the Cape Flats have not yielded 

 many bone implements, or the grooved polishing stones intended for 

 sharpening them into awls or arrow-tips. t 



In the neighbourhood of these sand-hills we found remains of the 

 Khinoceros keitloa and of the Elephant. The pottery is of the usual 

 simple type, but at Strandfontein there were found sherds with a 

 regular series of perforations of a unique kind (PI. XXYI., Fig. 2). 



The Bloembosch Deposit. 



Strictly speaking, this deposit should not come under the denomi- 

 nation of kitchen-midden, because we did not discover there any 

 layer of accumulated shells. Except for that, however, the conditions 

 appear to be the same as in the middens of the Cape Flats, only 

 that we met for the first time palseontological evidence of the utmost 

 importance, intimately connected with that deposit. 



Bloembosch is about 25 miles from Darling, Cape Colony, and 

 3 or 4 miles from the seashore, from which it is separated by 

 intervening sand-hills. At one point is a " fontein," which does 

 not seem to be intermittent, but alongside of it, and threatening to 

 cover it ultimately, at the time of our visit, was a huge sand-hill, 

 disconnected for a long distance from the coastal ones. 



It is here that the remains of an extinct buffalo (Bubaltis baini), 

 and horse {Equus capensis), as well as of other large mammals 

 still living were discovered. As has been seen in Chapter YII., 

 dealing with the palasontological aspect of the Antiquarian question, 

 it soon became evident that the animals had been brought piecemeal 

 to the fountain by their slayers, because parts only, not whole 

 skeletons, were found in situ. 



See Chapter XX. 

 t No. 3 of Fig. 172, which is one of the very few bone implements fouiul there, 

 represents a knife or spear-head made of the rib of a mammal, and greatly 

 resembling in shape the bone knives or spear-heads of the lacustrine deposits of 

 Switzerland. 



